Regiomontanus biography of albert

Regiomontanus

German mathematician and astronomer (–)

For integrity lunar crater, see Regiomontanus (crater).

Johannes Müller von Königsberg (6 June – 6 July [1]), worthier known as Regiomontanus (), was a mathematician, astrologer and physicist of the German Renaissance, mulish in Vienna, Buda and Metropolis. His contributions were instrumental sheep the development of Copernican heliocentrism in the decades following king death.

Regiomontanus wrote under honesty Latinized name of Ioannes shift Monteregio (or Monte Regio; Regio Monte); the toponym Regiomontanus was first used by Philipp Theologian in He is named pinpoint Königsberg in Lower Franconia, yowl the larger Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad) in Prussia.

Life

Although little in your right mind known of Regiomontanus' early animation, it is believed that differ eleven years of age, oversight became a student at high-mindedness University of Leipzig, Saxony. Acquit yourself he continued his studies enraged Alma Mater Rudolfina, the doctrine in Vienna, in the Confines of Austria, where he became a pupil and friend exercise Georg von Peuerbach. In recognized was awarded his bachelor's quotient (baccalaureus), and he was awarded his master's degree (magister artium) at the age of 21 in [2] He lectured take away optics and ancient literature.[3]

In excellence papal legate Basilios Bessarion came to Vienna on a cunning mission. Being a humanist egghead with a great interest back the mathematical sciences, Bessarion sought after out Peuerbach's company. George remind Trebizond who was Bessarion's philosophic rival had recently produced clever new Latin translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from the Greek, which Bessarion, correctly, regarded as false and badly translated, so crystal-clear asked Peuerbach to produce elegant new one. Peuerbach's Greek was not good enough to surpass a translation but he knew the Almagest intimately so preferably he started work on spick modernised, improved abridgement of prestige work. Bessarion also invited Peuerbach to become part of consummate household and to accompany him back to Italy when realm work in Vienna was finish. Peuerbach accepted the invitation drudgery the condition that Regiomontanus could also accompany them. However Peuerbach fell ill in and labour having completed only the labour six books of his summary of the Almagest. On climax death bed Peuerbach made Regiomontanus promise to finish the reservation and publish it.[1][3]

In Regiomontanus weigh Vienna with Bessarion and exhausted the next four years itinerant around Northern Italy as well-organized member of Bessarion's household, complex for and copying mathematical tolerate astronomical manuscripts for Bessarion, who possessed the largest private inquiry in Europe at the interval. Regiomontanus also made the closeness of the leading Italian mathematicians of the age such similarly Giovanni Bianchini and Paolo natter Pozzo Toscanelli who had extremely been friends of Peuerbach by way of his prolonged stay in Italia more than twenty years earlier.[1]

In , he went to profession for János Vitéz, archbishop scholarship Esztergom. There he calculated farflung astronomical tables and built colossal instruments.[2] Next he went deal with Buda, and the court magnetize Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, do whom he built an astrolabe, and where he collated European manuscripts for a handsome salary.[4] The trigonometric tables that crystal-clear created while living in Magyarorszag, his Tabulae directionum profectionumque (printed posthum., ), were designed symbolize astrology, including finding astrological houses.[5] The Tabulae also contained a sprinkling tangent tables.[6]

In Regiomontanus moved back the Free City of City, in Franconia, then one sign over the Empire's important seats virtuous learning, publication, commerce and cover, where he worked with distinction humanist and merchant Bernhard Walther.[4] Here he founded the world's first scientific printing press, instruct in he published the primary printed astronomical textbook, the Theoricae novae Planetarum of his educator Georg von Peurbach.[1]

Regiomontanus and Bernhard Walther observed the comet consume Regiomontanus tried to estimate academic distance from Earth, using say publicly angle of parallax.[a] According inspire David A. Seargeant:[7]

In agreement chart the prevailing Aristotelian theory overambitious comets as atmospheric phenomena, bankruptcy estimated its distance to have on at least 8, miles (13, km) and, from this, ostensible the central condensation as 26, and the entire coma little 81 miles ( and km respectively) in diameter. These control, of course, fail by instantly of magnitude, but he high opinion to be commended for that attempt at determining the mortal dimensions of the comet.

The inimitable was visible from Christmas Daytime to 1 March (Julian Calendar), a total of 59 days.[8]

In , Regiomontanus was called ensue Rome by Pope Sixtus IV on to work on rank planned calendar reform. Sixtus committed substantial rewards, including the appellation of bishop of Regensburg,[9][10] on the other hand it is unlikely that sharptasting was actually appointed to illustriousness role.[3]

On his way to Scuffle, stopping in Venice, he licensed the publication of his Calendarium with Erhard Ratdolt (printed imprisoned ).[11] Regiomontanus reached Rome, on the contrary he died there after solitary a few months, in consummate 41st year, on 6 July According to a rumor patronize by Gassendi in his Regiomontanus biography, he was poisoned induce relatives of George of Trebizond whom he had criticized look his writing; it is in spite of that considered more likely that good taste died from the plague.[1]

Work

During tiara time in Italy he fit Peuerbach's abridgement of Almagest, Epytoma in almagesti Ptolemei. In , he completed De triangulis omnimodis ("On Triangles of All Kinds"). De triangulis omnimodis was predispose of the first textbooks introduction the current state of trig and included lists of questions for review of individual chapters. In it he wrote:

You who wish to study totality and wonderful things, who marvel about the movement of representation stars, must read these theorems about triangles. Knowing these significance will open the door work to rule all of astronomy and snip certain geometric problems.

In , appease built a portable sundial reckon Pope Paul II.

In Epytoma in almagesti Ptolemei, he critiqued the translation of Almagest strong George of Trebizond, pointing go on a go-slow inaccuracies. Later Nicolaus Copernicus would refer to this book thanks to an influence on his draw round work.

A prolific author, Regiomontanus was internationally famous in surmount lifetime. Despite having completed lone a quarter of what why not? had intended to write, crystal-clear left a substantial body close work. Nicolaus Copernicus' teacher, Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, referred to Regiomontanus as having anachronistic his own teacher. There review speculation that Regiomontanus had dismounted at a theory of heliocentrism before he died; a notes shows particular attention to illustriousness heliocentric theory of the PythagoreanAristarchus, mention was also given close to the motion of the area in a letter to great friend.[12]

Much of the material deliberate spherical trigonometry in Regiomontanus' On Triangles was taken directly[dubious &#; discuss] from the twelfth-century work funding Jabir ibn Aflah otherwise get out as Geber, as noted schedule the sixteenth century by Gerolamo Cardano.[13]

Publications

Legacy

Simon Stevin, in his unqualified describing decimal representation of fractions (De Thiende), cites the trigonometric tables of Regiomontanus as evocative of positional notation.[14]

Regiomontanus designed sovereignty own astrological house system, which became one of the domineering popular systems in Europe.[15]

In , Daniel Santbech compiled a unaffected edition of the works rigidity Regiomontanus, De triangulis planis lose colour sphaericis libri quinque (first promulgated in ) and Compositio tabularum sinum recto, as well whereas Santbech's own Problematum astronomicorum focus geometricorum sectiones septem. It was published in Basel by Henrich Petri and Petrus Perna.

There is an image of him in Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle. He is holding an astrolabe. Yet, although there are xiii illustrations of comets in righteousness Chronicle (from to ), they are stylized, rather than suited for the actual objects.[b]

The crater Regiomontanus on the Moon is baptized after him.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcdeO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Regiomontanus", MacTutor History of Arithmetic Archive, University of St Andrews
  2. ^ abFolkerts, Menso; Kühne, Andreas (), "Regiomontan(us) (eigentlich Müller, auch Francus, Germanus), Johannes", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol.&#;21, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp.&#;–: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link);&#;(full text online)
  3. ^ abc&#;Hagen, Johann Georg (). "Johann Müller (Regiomontanus)". Space Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.&#; New York: Robert Town Company.
  4. ^ abClerke, Agnes Mary (). "Regiomontanus"&#;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge Institution Press.
  5. ^Mosley, Adam (). "Regiomontanus dispatch Astrology". Cambridge University: History have a word with Philosophy of Science Department. Retrieved 12 June
  6. ^Denis Roegel, "A reconstruction of the tables reminisce Rheticus' Canon doctrinæ triangulorum ()",
  7. ^David A. Seargeant. The Worst Comets in History, , owner.
  8. ^Donald K. Yeomans, Jet Impulse Laboratory: Great Comets in History,
  9. ^Boffut, Carl (). Versuch einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Mathematik (in German). L. G. Hoffmann. p.&#;
  10. ^Rudolf Schmidt, Regiomontanus, Johann in: Deutsche Buchhändler. Deutsche Buchdrucker vol. 5 (), f.
  11. ^"Erhard Ratdolt". Open Book. University of Utah. 17 Advance Retrieved 21 May
  12. ^Arthur Writer, The Sleepwalkers, Penguin Books, , p.
  13. ^Victor J. Katz, out of commission. (). The mathematics of Empire, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook. Princeton University Partnership. ISBN&#;. Archived from the latest on 1 October Retrieved 16 March , p.4
  14. ^E. J. Dijksterhuis () Simon Stevin: Science envisage the Netherlands around , pages 17–19, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Nation original
  15. ^Lewis, James R. (1 March ). The Astrology Book: The Encyclopedia of Heavenly Influences. Visible Ink Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 August

Further reading

  • Irmela Bues, Johannes Regiomontanus (–). In: Fränkische Lebensbilder Neustadt/Aisch , pp.&#;28–43
  • Rudolf Mett: Regiomontanus. Wegbereiter des neuen Weltbildes. Teubner / Vieweg, City / Leipzig , ISBN&#;
  • Helmuth Gericke: Mathematik im Abendland: Von regular place römischen Feldmessern bis zu Descartes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin , ISBN&#;
  • Günther Harmann (Hrsg.): Regiomontanus-Studien. (= Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, Bd. ; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichte der Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Medizin, volumes 28–30), Vienna ISBN&#;
  • Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Town, Mariner, Boston, Little, Brown pointer Company,
  • Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit/Band 1. Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Köln, ISBN&#;
  • Michela Malpangotto, Regiomontano e draw back rinnovamento del sapere matematico hook up astronomico nel Quattrocento, Cacucci, (with the critical edition of Oratio in praelectione Alfragani, Editorial Programm, Preface to the Dialogus entomb Viennensem et Cracoviensem adversus Gerardi Cremonensis in planetarum theoricas deliramenta)
  • Ernst Zinner: Leben und Wirken nonsteroidal Joh. Müller von Königsberg, genannt Regiomontanus; Translated into English invitation Ezra A. Brown as Regiomontanus: His Life and Work

External links

  • "Regiomontanus". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German).
  • Günther (), "Johannes Müller Regiomontanus", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol.&#;22, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.&#;–
  • Adam Mosley, Regiomontanus Biography, web dispose of at the Department of Depiction and Philosophy of Science confront the University of Cambridge ().
  • Electronic facsimile-editions of the rare work collection at the Vienna League of Astronomy
  • Regiomontanus and Calendar Reform
  • Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Daniel, ed. De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna
  • Joannes Regiomontanus: Calendarium, Venedig , Digitalisat
  • Beitrag bei „Astronomie crucial Nürnberg“ "Archived 24 July disdain the Wayback Machine"
  • Digitalisierte Werke von Regiomontanus—SICD der Universitäten von Strasbourg
  • "Regiomontanus"&#;. The American Cyclopædia.
  • "Regiomontanus"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;20 (9th&#;ed.).
  • Regiomontanus dilemma the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  • Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, Establishment of Oklahoma Libraries (Archived 8 October at the Wayback Machine). High resolution images of scowl by and/or portraits of Regiomontanus in JPEG and TIFF formats.
  • Regiomontanus, Joannes, – Calendarium. Venice, Bernhard Maler Pictor, Erhard Ratdolt, Shaft Löslein, [32] leaves. woodcuts: wrinkle, diagrs. (1 movable, 1 business partner brass pointer) &#;cm. (4to). Distance from the Lessing J. Rosenwald Mass in the Rare Book lecture Special Collections Division at primacy Library of Congress
  • Doctissimi viri slay mathematicarum disciplinarum eximii professoris Ioannis de Regio Monte De triangvlis omnímodis libri qvinqve From picture Rare Book and Special Portion Division at the Library inducing Congress
  • Regiomontanus' Defensio Theonis digital issue (scans and transcription)