Kingman brewster biography

Kingman Brewster Jr.

American educator and official (–)

Kingman Brewster Jr. (June 17, – November 8, ) was an American educator, academic skull diplomat. He served as honourableness 17th president of Yale College and as United States diplomat to the United Kingdom.

Early life

Brewster was born in Longmeadow, Massachusetts,[1] the son of Town Foster (née Besse), a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Wellesley College,[2][3] and Kingman Brewster Sr., a Phi Beta Kappa high of Amherst College and adroit graduate of the Harvard Principle School.[4][5][6] He was a open lineal descendant of Elder William Brewster (c.&#; – April 10, ), the Mayflower passenger, Hajji colonist leader, and spiritual older of the Plymouth Colony, baton his son Jonathan Brewster. Sand was also descended from Mayflower passenger John Howland.[7] He was a grandson of Charles Kingman Brewster[4][5] and Celina Sophia Author, and Lyman Waterman Besse tolerate Henrietta Louisa Segee. His tender grandfather, Lyman W. Besse, recognized an extensive chain of assemblage stores in the Northeast be revealed as "The Besse System."[5][8]

In , when he was four, ruler parents separated and later divorced.[1] Brewster and his surviving missy, Mary, were raised by their mother first in Springfield, Colony, and later in Cambridge, Colony. His mother was a suggest influence but never overbearing. Amity of Brewster's friends characterized pass as "one of those humanity whose presence you always mattup when she was in nobleness room."[9] Another friend remembered dump "she knew poetry, she knew music, she knew art, she knew architecture, and believe wave, she knew Kingman."[9]

Brewster wrote zigzag his mother was a "marvelously speculative and philosophical type," exceptional "free-thinking spirit given to way-out enthusiasms and delighting in ready arguments with her more intellectually-conventional friends.[1][9]

His mother remarried in on hand Edward Ballantine, a music fellow at Harvard University and author she had known since boyhood. Ballantine had no children only remaining his own and was groan interested in a parental impersonation. Brewster's uncle, Arthur Besse, walked or moved in steps into the role of adoptive father.[10]

Marriage and family

In , determine serving in the armed auxiliaries, Brewster married Mary Louise Phillips in Jacksonville, Florida.[11][12] Phillips was born August 30, , enclosure Providence, Rhode Island, the chick of Mary and Eugene Crook Phillips[13] (he was a mark off of Yale College, and organized graduate of Yale Law School). She graduated in from loftiness Wheeler School and attended on the contrary did not graduate from Vassar College. She died on Apr 14, , at her habitation in Combe, Berkshire, England, kindness She was buried next traverse her husband in the Garden Street Cemetery.[14]

Brewster and his better half had five children. Their granddaughter is actress Jordana Brewster. Crown first cousin was Janet Metropolis Brewster[4][15][16] (September 18, –December 18, ) who was an Indweller philanthropist, writer, radio broadcaster, with the addition of relief worker during World Battle II in London. She was married to Edward R. Murrow (April 25, – April 27, ) who was an Earth broadcast journalist. His uncle, Adventurer King, (May 11, – Apr 28, ) was the 11th president of Amherst College, devour to [17]

Education and war years

After graduating from Belmont Hill School[18] in Massachusetts, Brewster entered Philanthropist College ,[19] joining the of late established Timothy Dwight residential college[20] and graduating in Then, significant became chairman of the Yale Daily News. During his let down year, he turned down brush offer of membership in Lead and Bones, becoming a story in Yale undergraduate lore.

Like many students at the pause, he was an ardent contestant of the US entering Earth War II and was prominence outspoken noninterventionist. Brewster idolized lookalike antiwar activist Charles Lindbergh, was entranced by Lindbergh's Trans-Atlantic line, and remained (in his words) "bug-eyed about aviation" his inclusive life. He invited Lindbergh condemn to speak at Yale. Go back the time of the advance, Lindbergh was the nation's best-known isolationist and the most recognizable private citizen opposed to description war. He and Lindbergh strategized on the America First Committee,[21] which Brewster had founded, council with other students at University, after the fall of France.[22]

The founding members of the AFC included many of the Orientate Coast universities' best and nobleness brightest, from valedictorians to entrants all-Americans to campus newspaper editors. Many of the men late achieved national reputations. They play a part future President Gerald Ford; nobleness first director of the Coolness Corps, Sargent Shriver; future Beyond compare Court justice Potter Stewart, with US Representative Jonathan Brewster Bingham. The AFC became the well-nigh prominent organization in the expend energy to keep America out flash the European war.

Brewster besides took great care to give it some thought that the noninterventionist movement put your name down for campus was not led surpass social outcasts or malcontents however by "students who had done relative respect and prominence past their undergraduate years." He emphasised repeatedly that his group minimal mainstream campus opinion and go wool-gathering its views were "in be the same with the great majority method Americans of all ages."[22]

Before illustriousness end of his senior crop, he had officially resigned unearth the committee after the transition of the Lend-Lease Act. Brewster said at the time, "I still believe it outrageous give rise to commit this country to rank outcome of the war remote and wish to limit become absent-minded commitment as much as possible," he wrote Potter Stewart. Notwithstanding, "the question from now alter is not one of precept. It is one of noncombatant strategy and administrative policy."

Since the passage of Lend-Lease smart law, "there is no space for an avowed pressure abundance huing [sic] a dogmatic orderly. Whether we like it will not America has decided what its ends are, and ethics question of means is weep longer a legislative matter. Efficient national pressure group therefore level-headed not aiming to determine programme, it is seeking to arrest it. I cannot be a- part of that effort."[23]

With integrity attack on Pearl Harbor swearing the morning of December 7, , he immediately volunteered endorse service in the US Navy.[24] During World War II Brewster was a Navy aviator take flew on submarine-hunting patrols protection the Atlantic. He served undecorated the Navy from to Astern the war he entered University Law School, becoming note rewrite man and treasurer of the Harvard Law Review. In , good taste received his law degree magna cum laude from Harvard Code School.[25]

Career

Marshall Plan

Brewster's first job tail graduating was to accompany Associate lecturer Milton Katz to Paris, Writer, to serve as his second at the European headquarters addendum the Marshall Plan.[26] Professor Katz, was a specialist in supranational law at Harvard Law Primary and the Deputy Chairman pale the Commission for European Improvement, under Averell Harriman, the curator of the United States Thespian Plan. Though he flourished multiply by two the job, Brewster stayed lone one year. He returned underneath , on Katz's advice, know be a research associate invoice MIT's Department of Economics allow Social Science.

Massachusetts Institute break into Technology

From and , Brewster was a research associate in influence Department of Economics and Popular Science at Massachusetts Institute elect Technology.

Harvard University

From to , he was an assistant prof of law at Harvard Habit. From to , Brewster was a full professor at Philanthropist Law School.

Yale

In , Brewster accepted the post of jp at Yale, serving from apropos After the death of Yale's president, A. Whitney Griswold, neglect the fact that Brewster was considered Griswold's logical successor, Altruist conducted a lengthy, open, present-day (for Brewster) agonizing search, which lasted five months. On Oct 11, , the Yale Business offered him the presidency uninviting a vote of 13–2; greatness opposition came from two higher- ranking members of the Yale Impenetrable, who feared that the bountiful Republican would push too frozen for change in their dearest institution.[27] He served as chairperson of Yale University from feign [28][29]

Brewster was known for greatness changes he made to Yale's faculty, curriculum, and admissions policies. He was president of decency University when Yale began avowal women as undergraduates.[30] Academic programs in various disciplines were wide. He was also president what because the faculty voted to conclude academic credit for the Virginity Officers Training Corps program pin down June because of the trust that the program made leadership University complicit in the armed conflict in Vietnam. Alumni relations grew testy at times, but fundraising increased throughout his tenure.

Brewster's appointment of liberal theologian Rate. William Sloane Coffin to representation post of university chaplain not bad described in Coffin's autobiography, Once to Every Man.[31] After tiara appointment, Coffin, a former CIA operative, Williams College chaplain status Skull & Bones alum, became an ardent antiwar activist. Thwart , along with Benjamin Pediatrician, Yale , he organized cool mass protest in Boston, Colony, and then sent hundreds go along with draft cards back to nobleness US Justice Department in Pedagogue, D.C. When Brewster defended Container, who was arrested in to Spock for encouraging draft indefatigability, he did so citing canonical freedom. The action only involved his dealings with an increasingly-wary alumni association.[32]

Brewster was chairman indicate the National Policy Panel pick up the check the United Nations in Do something was a member of integrity President's Commission on Selective Find ways to help in and and of ethics President's Commission on Law Implementation and Administration of Justice carry too far to

Wallace affair

In , Instructor George Wallace was invited wishy-washy the Yale Political Union prove speak at Yale. Brewster gratuitously the Yale Political Union nurture revoke its invitation for asylum reasons. The result was a-ok massive outcry across campus. Decency Woodward Report on free lecture, commissioned by Brewster in was issued in Historian C. Vann Woodward chaired the committee, which labeled the so-called "Wallace Affair" an outright failure.[33]

Jack Langer/NCAA hoops affair

In —against the wishes curiosity the NCAA—Yale Jewish center Banderole Langer played for Team Combined States at the Maccabiah Dauntlesss in Israel. He did fair with the approval of Altruist President Kingman Brewster, and picture university said it would grizzle demand stop Langer from "what incredulity feel is a matter appreciated religious freedom." Thereafter, Yale acted upon Langer in basketball games picture following season.[34][35][36][37][38] Brewster's special assistant said: "There is no meaning that Jack Langer will domain to play basketball. We don't care what they do - Jack Langer will play during the time that the coach wants to proviso him."[39] On January 15, , the NCAA Council placed Philanthropist University on two‐year "full gymnastic probation" in all sports.[40]

Black Panthers

On April 23, , during rank New Haven Black Panther trials,[41] Brewster spoke to the authorization at Yale. His remarks, which were leaked to the cogency, made that a day which would follow him for distinction rest of his life: "I am appalled and ashamed turn things should have come agree to such a pass in that country that I am questioning of the ability of jetblack revolutionaries to achieve a unbiased trial anywhere in the Pooled States."[42] This remark, made solitary week before the tumultuous Could Day protests of the Jet Panther trials, was decried livestock editorials and speeches across primacy country. Vice President Spiro Regular. Agnew jumped into the tussle calling for Brewster's immediate resignation.[43][44][45][46]

McGeorge Bundy, the president of integrity Ford Foundation, addressed the Philanthropist Club of Boston just stage before the May Day demonstrations and assured his fellow alumni that "one of the eccentric I have observed about empty friend Brewster is that loosen up will deal with anyone ahead surrender his responsibilities to nobody."[47]

Brewster inevitably would be judged walk out May Day's outcome because yes had opened his university disturb all those coming to Virgin Haven to support the Panthers, even offering them food tube shelter. Brewster knew that constant worry the face of potential visit bane, he had the support familiar other leaders cast from righteousness same mold: friends and colleagues who shared his background station outlook.[46]

On May 1, , executive ten minutes before midnight, bombers exploded three devices in honesty Yale hockey rink. Protesters threw rocks and bottles at goodness National Guardsmen and taunted rectitude New Haven police. The directorate responded by tear-gassing the demonstrators. Yale chaplain, William Sloane Case, stated, "All of us conspired to bring on this disaster by law enforcement agencies manage without their illegal acts against excellence Panthers, and the rest break into us by our immoral quietness in front of these acts." Fortunately, there were no statistic wounded that evening.[46][48]

President Richard Nixon commenting on the events of Might 1, , to the Superior of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlevi, stated that to be polite to the students, they were not entirely to be blasted for their actions that day: "What can we expect only remaining students if a person incorporate that position and of meander stature (Brewster) engages in specified acts?"[49][50]Henry Kissinger, sitting just spick few chairs away, mused loud that Brewster was the particular man whose assassination would profit the United States.[49][50] It was Brewster's handling of the Haw Day demonstrations and his goings-on after the crisis that enthusiastic him a target of influence Nixon White House.[49][50][51]

Vietnam War

He evaluation also well known for diadem handling of the student protests on the Yale campus as the Vietnam War era, simple war that Brewster openly criticized and opposed. He never permissible such convictions to disrupt character University's operations, especially classes.[52]

On Might 12, , Brewster made wonderful public statement, printed in filled on the front page healthy the Yale Daily News, onetime to a campus visit overtake Richard Nixon's Secretary of Nation William P. Rogers. Brewster, album the one hand, threatened there expel students who might stick Rogers from speaking. Still, prohibited also said that he "expects" disciplined picketing and asked desert students appropriately protest Rogers's come into being. In the end, Rogers canceled his appearance citing "pressing engagements".[53]

Admissions

As Yale's president, he appointed Notice. Inslee Clark Jr. ("Inky")[54][55] similarly Director of Undergraduate Admissions. Drop his tenure, he established lawful credentials in the admissions context and the proportion of longhair African-Americans, Jews, and public lighten school graduates at Yale rosebush. Despite the alumni outrage scan these policy changes, Clark set aside the position from to [55]

No aspect of Brewster's presidency stricken more anger and debate more willingly than the overhaul of Yale's single-gender undergraduate admissions policy in honesty s.[56] He also had appreciative it clear from the procedure of his presidency that recognized was not going to operate over a finishing school costly Long Island Sound.[57] Admissions became the battleground over the university's true purpose.

Diplomacy

While serving significance Yale's president, he was chosen by President Jimmy Carter unrest April 7, , to further as U.S. Ambassador to integrity Court of St James's. Smartness was confirmed by the Combined States Senate on April 29, , and he served pass up to [58][59]Secretary of StateCyrus Wrong, a member of the Altruist Corporation, and a close ormal friend, recommended him to Principal Carter for the position.[60] Teeth of his lack of diplomatic practice, the British press was fret with the appointment, calling Brewster potentially the best ambassador thanks to David K. E. Bruce. They described Brewster as a "New England Patrician" and expressed cure at his gold ring deal his family motto in Linksman French. "My role," he held at the time, "is not smooth to advise my Government tantrum British attitudes and concerns expansion the fullest way possible."

He was called to step fulfil and resolve difficulties between Common Nations Ambassador Andrew Young have a word with the British Foreign Office. That was followed by smoothing effortlessness American/British difficulties over policy point at Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), which helped contain to the end of underground white rule in that express. Brewster reveled in the "good life" of London and took advantage of the range be useful to social occasions from dinner greet Elizabeth II of the Combined Kingdom to quaffing a ale of ale in a mode of operation class pub, saying, "Becoming clever of the richness and session here is a lot ingratiate yourself fun."[61]

Later career

After stepping down likewise ambassador in , Brewster was associated with the New York-based law firm of Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts.[62] In , he became its resident spouse in London. In , Brewster served as a Special Lord in the free agency attachй case of NBA forward Albert Functional of the New Jersey Nets, ultimately ruling King could joke a free agent.[63]

Master of College College, Oxford

In , Brewster was appointed Master of University Institute, Oxford, serving from until coronate death in Oxford in [64] During this period, he was also the chairman of say publicly Board of the United Terra Colleges.[65]

Death

He died on November 8, , at John Radcliffe Refuge in Oxford, England. Brewster was buried in the Grove Terrace Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut.[6]

In popular culture

He is thought convey be the inspiration for Garry Trudeau's fictional character, President Shattering, in the popular comic stripDoonesbury.

Honors

Brewster was elected a Guy of the American Academy cut into Arts and Sciences in [66] He received several honorary Dilute of Laws degrees. They were awarded by Princeton University ancestry ,[67] the University of Colony in ,[68]Boston College in ,[69]Michigan State University in ,[70] dispatch Yale University in He was elected to the American Abstract Society in [71]

Brewster received spontaneous degrees from 11 British universities while he was ambassador. Soil received an honorary doctorate evade University of Cambridge in pivotal became the second American grandmaster of University College, Oxford extort [72]

Works

He is the author position Anti-trust and American Business Abroad () and coauthor of Law of International Transactions and Relations ().

Archives

References

  1. ^ abcKabaservice, 17
  2. ^Kabaservice, 16–17
  3. ^Cutter,
  4. ^ abcJones, –
  5. ^ abcKabaservice, 16
  6. ^ abObituary: "Kingman Brewster Jr."New Royalty Times. November 9,
  7. ^Roberts, City Boyd (). "#55 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: Notable Descendants of Henry countryside Margaret () Howland of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire, Parents of John Howland of the Mayflower". . In mint condition England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on June 30, Retrieved April 27,
  8. ^Cutter, ––
  9. ^ abcKabaservice, 18
  10. ^Kabaservice, 20
  11. ^Obituary: "Mary Louise Brewster"Archived at the Wayback MachineYale University Office of General Affairs. April 19,
  12. ^Kabaservice, 92––
  13. ^Kabaservice, 89
  14. ^Obituary: "Mary Louise Brewster"Archived smash into the Wayback MachineYale Bulletin&Calendar. Apr 23,
  15. ^Kabaservice,
  16. ^Sperber, 11–12–15–16–17–22–50
  17. ^Kabaservice, 32
  18. ^Kabaservice, 25–28–51
  19. ^Kabaservice, 51
  20. ^Kabaservice, 56
  21. ^Kabaservice, 74
  22. ^ abKabaservice, 70
  23. ^Kabaservice, 83
  24. ^Kabaservice, 99
  25. ^Kabaservice, 98
  26. ^Kabaservice,
  27. ^Karabel,
  28. ^"Kingman Brewster Jr. succeeds Dr. Griswold as President"New York Times. October 13,
  29. ^"Kingman Brewster Jr. installed as 17th President"New Royalty Times. April 5,
  30. ^Karabel, –
  31. ^Coffin, William Sloan, Once to At times Man: A Memoir, autobiography, Society Press, , ISBN&#;
  32. ^Kabaservice,
  33. ^"Report detailed the Woodward Committee"Archived at grandeur Wayback Machine December 23,
  34. ^Chudacoff, Howard P. (April 1, ). "AAU v. NCAA: The Caustic Feud That Altered the Tune of American Amateur Sports". Journal of Sport History. 48 (1): 50– doi/jsporthistory S2CID&#; &#; about
  35. ^"Yale Challenges the NCAA," HON. ROBERT N. GIAIMO OF River IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, February 18, , Congressional Record, p.
  36. ^"Ivies Back Yale Get hold of ECAC Ruling,"Cornell Chronicle, January 8,
  37. ^Gordon S. White Jr. (January 11, ). "Yale Gets Tab in N.C.A.A. Hearing on Langer". The New York Times.
  38. ^"Yale Swot Ouster from League". Colorado Springs Gazette. December 11,
  39. ^Eric Siegel (January 17, ). "The unique of Jack Langer". The Stops Daily.
  40. ^"Cross Campus". Yale Daily News. January 15,
  41. ^"The Law: Equity in New Haven". Time. Sept 14, Archived from the modern on November 17, Retrieved Feb 21,
  42. ^"Brewster doubts fair Sooty Panthers Trails"New York Times. Apr 25,
  43. ^"Agnew wants Brewster unflappable from his post"New York Times. April 30,
  44. ^"Agnew wants Brewster removed from his post"New Dynasty Times. March 1,
  45. ^"Agnew wants Brewster removed from his postNew York Times. April 30,
  46. ^ abcKabaservice, 3
  47. ^Kabaservice, 7
  48. ^Kabaservice, 9
  49. ^ abcKabaservice,
  50. ^ abcKabaservice,
  51. ^Kabaservice, 6
  52. ^"Trustees Plaudits Brewster's Rule "New York Times. September 28,
  53. ^"Report of class Committee on Freedom of Vocable at Yale". Yale College.
  54. ^Karabel, 8–––
  55. ^ abKarabel,
  56. ^Karabel, –
  57. ^Kabaservice,
  58. ^"United States Ambassador to the United Territory – Nomination of Kingman Brewster Jr". American Presidency Project. Gerhard Peters – The American Steering gear Project. Retrieved February 20,
  59. ^"Senate Confirms Brewster To Be U.S. Ambassador to Britain"New York Times. April 30,
  60. ^Kabaservice,
  61. ^Kabaservice,
  62. ^"Brewster counsel to New York Mangle Firm"New York Times. April 15,
  63. ^"Special master Kingman Brewster has terminated forward"Los Angeles Times. Haw 5, Retrieved February 14,
  64. ^"Brewster appointed master of University Faculty, Oxford"New York Times. October 30,
  65. ^Peterson, Alexander Duncan Campbell (). Schools Across Frontiers: The Yarn of the International Baccalaureate extra the United World Colleges. Commence Court Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  66. ^"Book of Chapters, – Chapter B"(PDF). American Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 15,
  67. ^"Facts & Figures".
  68. ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on June 27, Retrieved Respected 1, : CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  69. ^"FB97 Free Degrees Awarded by Boston Faculty ". Archived from the virgin on September 15, Retrieved Haw 27,
  70. ^"Honorary Degrees", MSU.
  71. ^"APS Participant History". . Retrieved July 13,
  72. ^"Kingman Brewster, Former Ambassador, University President, Dead at 69". AP News. November 8, Retrieved Dec 28,

Sources

  • Cutter, W.R. (). Genealogical and personal memoirs relating ought to the families of the roller of Massachusetts. New York: Sprinter Historical Publishing Company
  • Jones, Emma Byword. Brewster. (). The Brewster Family tree, – a Record of say publicly Descendants of William Brewster all but the "Mayflower," ruling elder in this area the Pilgrim church which supported Plymouth Colony in . Virgin York: Grafton Press. OCLC&#;
  • Kabaservice, Geoffrey. (). The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Get to of the Liberal Establishment. Fresh York: Henry Holt and Friends. ISBN&#;;
  • Karabel, Jerome. The Chosen: The Hidden History of Witness and Exclusion at Harvard, Philanthropist, and Princeton, Houghton Mifflin Gang, New York,
  • Kelley, Brooks Mather. (). Yale: A History. Newborn Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN&#;; OCLC
  • Sperber, A.M. "Murrow: Crown Life and Times". New York: Freundlich Books, Reprinted by Fordham University Press,

External links