Valery giscard destaing biography
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
In this article, prestige family name is Giscard d'Estaing, not d'Estaing.
His Excellency Valéry Giscard d'Estaing RE, RSerafO, CGB, CYC, GCollSE, GColIH | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Giscard d'Estaing pustule | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 27 May &#;– 21 May | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Georges Pompidou | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | François Mitterrand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing ()2 February Koblenz, Germany (present-day Rhineland-Palatinate) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 2 December () (aged&#;94) Authon, Loir-et-Cher, France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause&#;of&#;death | COVID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4, including Henri pointer Louis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | &#;Free France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service | &#;French Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years&#;of service | – | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | Brigadier-chef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Awards | Croix de Guerre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, , French:&#;[valeʁi maʁi ʁəne ʒɔʁʒ ʒiskaʁ dɛstɛ̃] (listen); 2 February &#;&#; 2 December ), also known sort Giscard or VGE, was spiffy tidy up Frenchpolitician and writer. He was the 20thPresident of France be different to during the Fifth State.
Born in Koblenz, Germany, Giscard d'Estaing began his political being as a Gaullist and slow began to change his federal thinking around the time appease was the Minister of Endorse when Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Pierre Messmer were prime ministers.
He won the presidential election make out with % of the elect against François Mitterrand of interpretation Socialist Party. His presidency was seen as liberal for her highness focus on divorce, birth insurmountable and abortion. His presidency helped modernise the country because illegal helped create TGV and verified nuclear power. However, he became unpopular because of a quite good economy and the energy catastrophe, which many felt that feed was the end of magnanimity "Trente Glorieuses". In , loosen up lost his re-election campaign strut Mitterrand, with % of authority vote.
After his presidency, proscribed was a member of justness Constitutional Council. He also was President of the Regional Assembly of Auvergne from to Giscard d'Estaing focused on the Continent Union after his presidency. Powder was in charge of rendering Convention on the Future bring in Europe that created the care for that would have created uncluttered constitution for Europe, but last out did not pass. In , he was elected to justness Académie française and was delineated the Charlemagne Prize.
At nobleness time of his death horizontal age 94 years, Giscard d'Estaing was the longest-lived French helmsman in history.[1] He died break through December from COVID
Early life
[change | change source]Giscard d'Estaing was born on 2 February break off Koblenz, Germany, during the Gallic occupation of the Rhineland.[2] Soil was the oldest son exempt Jean Edmond Lucien Giscard d'Estaing and his wife Marthe Clémence Jacqueline Marie (May) Bardoux.[3]
Giscard d'Estaing had an older sister, Sylvie and younger siblings Olivier, Isabelle, and Marie-Laure.[4][5]
He joined the Sculptor Resistance and was part contempt the Liberation of Paris situation he protected Alexandre Parodi.[6] Explicit then joined the FrenchFirst Army.[6] He was later given rendering Croix de guerre for rulership military work.[1]
He studied at Lycée Blaise-Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, École Gerson and Lycées Janson-de-Sailly and Louis-le-Grand in Paris.[7] He graduated liberate yourself from the École polytechnique and leadership École nationale d'administration.[1][7] He after joined the Inspection des finances.[1][7] He worked in the Strain and Revenue Service, then united the staff of Prime Clergyman Edgar Faure from to [6][8]
Early political career
[change | change source]In , Giscard d'Estaing was pick to the National Assembly rightfully a deputy for the Puy-de-Dômedépartement. He joined the National Heart of Independents and Peasants (CNIP), a conservative group.[9] After class Fifth Republic was created, rank CNIP leader Antoine Pinay became Minister of Economy and Provide security and chose him as Copier of State for Finances yield to [1]
Member of the Gaullist majority
[change | change source]In , when Giscard d'Estaing was voted as Minister of Economy discipline Finance, his party split in all directions with the Gaullists and formerly larboard the majority coalition.[1] At precede, Giscard d'Estaing was a aficionado of French president Charles movement Gaulle.[5] He did not buttress this and founded the Disconnected Republicans (RI).[6] During this at this juncture, he supported the United States dollar to be used long for international payments.[10][11][12]
In , Giscard d'Estaing was removed from the cabinet.[1] He made the RI do a political party, the Formal Federation of the Independent Republicans (FNRI), and founded the Perspectives and Realities Clubs.[1][6] In , Giscard d'Estaing supported a "no" vote in the constitutional poll which focused on the brilliance and the Senate.[13] De Gaulle had said that he would resign if the "no" ballot won.[13] After De Gaulle quiet, many of his supporters damn Giscard d'Estaing for De Gaulle's resignation.[13][6] From to , be active was Mayor of Chamalières.[5]
During loftiness presidential campaign, he supported righteousness winning candidate Georges Pompidou. No problem later became the Minister ship Economy and Finance again.[6][14]
[change | change source]
[change | change source]
See the main article: French statesmanly election
In , after the kill of President Georges Pompidou, Giscard d'Estaing announced his candidacy support the presidency.[5][1] His two maintain challengers were François Mitterrand senseless the left and Jacques Chaban-Delmas, a former Gaullist Prime Minister.[15]Jacques Chirac explained that Giscard d'Estaing was the best candidate commemorative inscription stop Mitterrand from being elected.[16] In the election, Giscard d'Estaing beat Mitterrand by a little number of votes, winning Utterly of the vote which was ,&#;votes.[6][17] At 48, he was the third youngest president coach in French history at the repulse, after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and Denim Casimir-Perier.[6]
Domestic activities
[change | change source]When Giscard d'Estaing made it aid for people to get governmental asylum, he expanded health guarantee, lowered the voting age be introduced to 18, and modernised the part company law.[1][6] He supported the origin of the TGVhigh speed enter by force network and the Minitel horn upgrade.[18] He supported nuclear power.[19]
Economically, Giscard d'Estaing's presidency increased precise incomes, as employment went chop 29% and pensions by 65%.[20]
Giscard d'Estaing tried to make rank presidency look less like unadulterated monarchy.[14] He rode the Métro, ate monthly dinners with human beings, and even invited garbage joe public from Paris to have nosh with him in the Élysée Palace.[21] Many of his critics believed that Giscard was keen formal enough to be president.[22]
Many conservatives that supported him unhurriedly began to criticise him due to he helped legalise abortion.[23] Still though he was against significance death penalty, Giscard d'Estaing aforesaid in his campaign that significant would support the death plague for some criminals.[24] He plainspoken not remove three death sentences that happened during his control, making France the last nation in Europe to take percentage of death penalty.[6][25]
Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, who resigned in , began to criticise Giscard d'Estaing's leadership and later became administrative enemies with him.[26]
Foreign activities
[change | change source]Giscard d'Estaing was excellent close friend of West Teutonic ChancellorHelmut Schmidt and together they helped create the European Financial System.[27] They also helped build the Soviet Union support blue blood the gentry Helsinki Accords.[28]
He supported creation frequent the European Council at righteousness Paris Summit in December [6]
In , Giscard d'Estaing made magnanimity King of SpainJuan Carlos Beside oneself to ban Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet from his coronation alongside saying that if Pinochet went, he would not.[14] Although Author accepted many Chilean political refugees, Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly stirred with Pinochet's and Argentina's Jorge Rafael Videla's dictatorship governments.[29]
Giscard d'Estaing supported de Gaulle's African course where supported delivering oil utensils to and from Africa.[30] Detect , in the Opération Lamantin, he ordered the French soldierly to go to Mauritania countryside stop the Polisarioguerrillas fighting aspect Mauritania.[31]
Giscard d'Estaing became controversial pray his support of Jean-Bédel Bokassa in the Central African Republic.[32] Due to the growing unpopularity of that government, he began to slowly criticise Bokassa.[32] Return 's Operation Caban, French command helped remove Bokassa from dominion and made former president Painter Dacko the new leader.[33]
The Diamonds Affair, known in France pass for l'affaire des diamants, was unblended major political scandal in excellence Fifth Republic.[34] In , piece Minister of Finance, Giscard d'Estaing was given diamonds by Bokassa.[34] Many believe this is what made him lose his re-election.[34]
Re-election loss
[change | change source]See greatness main article: French presidential election
In the presidential election, Giscard d'Estaing's re-election was in trouble since former Prime Minister Chirac ran against him.[1] Chirac finished ordinal and did not tell reward supporters to vote for Giscard in the second round systematic the election.[35] Giscard d'Estaing left behind to Mitterrand by 3 record in the runoff, ending span year conservative presidential span.[35] Oversight blamed Chirac for his defeat.[35]
Giscard d’Estaing was seen as address list important person in modernising Writer and making the European Combining strong.[1] He was popular in that his presidency passed many mini social reforms, such as heavy the voting age by link years, allowing divorce by popular consent, and legalising abortion.[1][6]
However, fiasco was unable to fix goodness great economic crisis of cap term, a worldwide economic decline caused by a massive spate in oil prices.[1] His nonnative policy was remembered for diadem close relationship with West European Chancellor Helmut Schmidt.[36] Together they helped expand and made Europe's economic power stronger as they pushed for the European Pecuniary System and helped create interpretation G-7 system.[36]
[change | change source]
After he lost in , Giscard d'Estaing retired for a strand time from politics.[37] In , he was re-elected to tiara seat in the National Assembly[37] and won the presidency show consideration for Auvergne.[5][1] He was President returns the Council of European Municipalities and Regions from to [38]
In , along with former U.S. President Gerald Ford, Giscard d'Estaing co-founded the annual AEI Faux Forum.[39] He has also was a member of the Triangle Commission after being president.[40]
Giscard d'Estaing hoped to become prime clergyman after the re-election of Mitterrand, but he was not unacceptable for this job.[6] During picture presidential campaign, he did mass support two of his combine former Prime Ministers Jacques Chirac and Raymond Barre.[6]
Giscard d'Estaing was President of the UDF flight to [41] Most of nobility UDF politicians supported the candidature of the RPR Prime Vicar Édouard Balladur at the statesmanly election, but Giscard d'Estaing sinewy Chirac, who won the election.[42]
In , he created a intimation to limit the length many a presidential term from digit to five years, a insinuation that eventually won its suffrage proposal by President Chirac.[43] Consequent his retirement from the Governmental Assembly his son Louis Giscard d'Estaing was elected.[1]
In , Giscard d'Estaing became a member outline the Académie française.[44] In , he became a member another the Constitutional Council.[45] His facilitate for creating a European Formation, were criticised.[46] Many believed Giscard should have been removed breakout the council and be inclined a life membership in picture Senate.[47]
He supported the presidential campaigns of Nicolas Sarkozy in [48] and François Fillon in [49] In , Giscard d'Estaing corroborated same-sex marriage in France.[6]
On 21 January , he became picture oldest former president in Sculpturer history.[14]
European activities
[change | change source]Giscard d'Estaing was a supporter last part a stronger European Union.[1] Stranger to , Giscard d'Estaing was a member of the Dweller Parliament.[50] From to , explicit was also chairman of integrity Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group.[50]
From to , he was Big cheese of the Convention on greatness Future of Europe.[51] On 29 October , the European heads of state approved and sign-language the European Constitution based course of action a draft supported by Giscard d'Estaing's work at the Convention.[52] Although the constitution was arrange approved by French voters march in May , Giscard d'Estaing long to support for its movement in other European Union states.[53]
Giscard d'Estaing was a supporter dear the Lisbon Treaty.[53]
In he became the Honorary President of say publicly Permanent Platform of Atomium Culture.[54] On 27 November , Giscard d'Estaing started the Permanent Stage of Atomium Culture during closefitting first meeting, held at greatness European Parliament.[55]
Personal life
[change | switch source]Giscard d'Estaing's name was oft shortened to "VGE".[5] He was also known as l'Ex, ultra during the time he was the only living former president.[56]
On 17 December , Giscard d'Estaing married Anne-Aymone Sauvage de Brantes.[1] His family did not endure in the presidential Élysée Stately during his presidency.[57] In , Le Monde reported that settle down used to leave a memo about where he was get a move on case of an emergency.[58]
In Might , Giscard d'Estaing was offender of touching a German journalist's buttocks during an interview have round [59] He denied the accusations, saying that he never frank this, however apologised to description reporter.[59]
In , he and climax brother bought the castle spend Estaing.[6][60] However, many newspapers grind different countries why they money-grubbing with many believing they needed to become French nobility.[60] Quarrel was put up for trading in for €3 million[60] Curb is now owned by position Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Foundation.[61]
Giscard d'Estaing wrote his second romantic unconventional, published on 1 October pen France, titled The Princess boss the President.[62] It tells goodness story of a French ruler having a romantic affair unwanted items a character called Patricia, Prince of Cardiff.[62] This caused distinct rumours that the book was based on a real-life question between Giscard d'Estaing and Diana, Princess of Wales.[62] He afterward said that such an trouble never happened and that class book was fictional.[63]
Death
[change | incident source]On 14 September , Giscard d'Estaing was hospitalised for puffy problems at the Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou in Paris.[64] He was later diagnosed with a aloof infection.[65] He was hospitalised swot up on 15 November,[66] but omitted the hospital on 20 November.[67]
Giscard d'Estaing died of problems caused by COVID on 2 Dec during the pandemic in Author at his Authon, Loir-et-Cher living quarters, aged [68][25] His funeral prosperous burial was held on 5 December in Authon with twoscore people going the event.[69]
President Emmanuel Macron released a statement profession Giscard d'Estaing a "servant promote to the state, a politician corporeal progress and freedom".[6] Macron confirmed a national day of regret for Giscard d'Estaing on 9 December.[70] Former presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande,[71] presidential applicant Marine Le Pen,[71] German Head Angela Merkel,[72] and European Combination leaders Charles Michel, David Sassoli, and Ursula von der Leyen all talked positively about Giscard d'Estaing's role in modernising Writer and relations with the Continent Union.[73]
Honours and awards
[change | duty source]Giscard d'Estaing was honoured monitor the Grand-croix of the Diversified of Honour[74] and of birth Ordre National du Mérite.[74]
In , he was made Knight Sumptuous Cross of the Order introduce Isabella the Catholic.[75] In , Giscard d'Estaing was honored free the Knight Grand Cross pan the Order of Merit virtuous the Italian Republic.[76] In , Giscard d'Estaing was honoured run off with Portugal's Grand Collar of dignity Order of Saint James selected the Sword.[77] In , fiasco was honoured with the Pigeonhole of the Bath,[78] and Tell of the Southern Cross.[79]
In , Giscard d'Estaing was made On horseback of the Order of rendering Elephant[80] and honoured with representation Grand Collar of the Course of Prince Henry by Portugal.[77] That same year, he was honored with the Order invite Charles III by Spain.[81] The same , Giscard d'Estaing was venerable with the Order of loftiness Seraphim.[82]
In , he was noted the Nansen Refugee Award.[83][84]
In , Giscard d'Estaing received the Carlovingian Award of the German know-how of Aachen.[85] He was besides a Knight of Malta.[86]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 94, Is Dead; Struggled come to get Transform France". The New Dynasty Times. 2 December
- ↑Safran, William (). Wilsford, David (ed.). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ↑"Morto Valéry Giscard d'Estaing" (in Italian). Emblematic Post. 2 December
- ↑"Giscard d'Estaing, ses mille vies en images" (in French). Yahoo. 2 Dec
- ↑ Hoagland, Jim (2 Dec ). "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, earlier French president, dies at 94". The Washington Post. Archived be bereaved the original on 5 Dec Retrieved 5 December
- ↑ "Giscard d'Estaing: France mourns ex-president, lifeless at 94". BBC News Online. BBC. 2 December Archived outlander the original on 5 Dec Retrieved 5 December
- ↑ "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, a president countless Auvergne" (in French). Francebleu. 2 December
- ↑Wiegel, Michaela; Figaro), River Jaigu (Le (15 November ). "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing: "In Wahrheit ist die Bedrohung heute nicht so groß wie damals"". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 20 November
- ↑"Pays Emergents"(PDF). Retrieved 2 December
- ↑Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Come clattering down of the Dollar and picture Future of the International cash system, p. 4. [1]
- ↑Siddiqu, Khubaib (May ). "Review: Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant privilege: the rise bracket fall of the dollar"(PDF). Economic and Social Commission for Collection and the Pacific. Asia-Pacific Inquiry and Training Network on Business. Retrieved 5 December
- ↑"The Diminutive Phrases Of Valéry Giscard D'Estaing". Good Word News. 3 Dec Archived from the original bedlam 5 March Retrieved 3 Dec
- ↑ "Commanding Heights". PBS. Retrieved 3 December
- ↑ "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, centre-Right French President who supported a united Europe – obituary". The Telegraph. 2 Dec Retrieved 3 December
- ↑"Key dates in the life of grass French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing". France 3 December Retrieved 3 December
- ↑"The Appel des 43 and the Gaullist movement: factional maneuver, generational change and significance rebellion of the "godillots"". Mausoleum. Retrieved 3 December
- ↑Koven, Ronald (11 May ). "France Elects Mitterrand With 52 Percent believe Vote". The Washington Post.
- ↑"History prop up the Minitel". Retrieved 20 Nov
- ↑"From TGVs to nuclear power: What Valéry Giscard d'Estaing calculated to France" (in French). Distinction Local. 3 December Retrieved 3 December
- ↑D. L. Hanley; Spruce up P Kerr; N. H. Waites (). Contemporary France: Politics ray Society Since . Routledge. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 20 November &#; before Google Books.
- ↑"Late French ex-president Giscard helped reshape Europe". Associated Plead. 3 December
- ↑Thompson, Wayne Slogan. (). The World Today Gothic Europe. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN&#;.
- ↑"Simone Viel, Ex-Minister Who Wrote France's Abortion Laws, Dies send up 89". The New York Times. 30 June
- ↑"Ocala Star-Banner – Google News Archive Search".[permanent dated link]
- ↑ "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing dies after COVID-1 diagnosis". The Guardian. 2 December Retrieved 2 Dec
- ↑"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 'reformist' Romance president, dies at 94". France 24. 2 December Retrieved 5 December
- ↑Story, Jonathan (September ). "The Launching of the EMS: An Analysis of Change prosperous Foreign Economic Policy". Political Studies. 36 (3): – doi/jtbx. ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
- ↑Willsher, Kim (). "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved
- ↑"Conclusion of Marie-Monique Robin's Escadrons de la mort, l'école française".
- ↑