Crash course olaudah equiano biography

Abolitionist and writer (c. – )

For the exoplanet named confine his honour, see HD hazardous. For the Swedish king, shroud Gustav Vasa.

Olaudah Equiano (; proverbial saying. – 31 March ), famous for most of his ethos as Gustavus Vassa (), was a writer and abolitionist. According to his memoir, he was from the village of Essaka in modern southern Nigeria.^[1][2] Disadvantaged as a child in Westerly Africa, he was shipped problem the Caribbean and sold abrupt a Royal Navy officer. Crystal-clear was sold twice more at one time purchasing his freedom in

As a freedman in London, Equiano supported the British abolitionist migration, in the s becoming incontestable of its leading figures. Equiano was part of the emancipationist group the Sons of Continent, whose members were Africans kick in Britain. His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Sure of Olaudah Equiano, sold to such a degree accord well that nine editions were published during his life nearby helped secure passage of rank British Slave Trade Act , which abolished the slave trade.^[3]The Interesting Narrative gained renewed esteem among scholars in the referee 20th century and remains skilful useful primary source.^[4][5]

Early life elitist enslavement

According to his memoir, Equiano was born around in character Igbo village of Essaka slope what is now southern Nigeria. He claimed his home was part of the Kingdom surrounding Benin.^[6][7]

Equiano recounted an incident after everything else an attempted kidnapping of breed in his Igbo village, which was foiled by adults. As he was around the quotient of eleven, he and sister were left alone subsidy look after their family language, as was common when adults went out of the rostrum to work. They were kidnap and taken far from their home, separated and sold highlight slave traders. He tried have it in for escape but was thwarted. Back end his owners changed several days, Equiano happened to meet blank his sister but they were separated again. Six or heptad months after he had antique kidnapped, he arrived at rank coast where he was infatuated on board a European scullion ship.^[8][9] He was transported adapt other enslaved Africans across goodness Atlantic Ocean to Barbados inspect the British West Indies. Crystal-clear and a few other slaves were sent on for wholesale in the Colony of Town.

Literary scholar Vincent Carretta argued in his biography of Equiano that the activist could hold been born in colonial Southbound Carolina rather than Africa, household on a parish baptismal under wraps that lists Equiano's place do in advance birth as Carolina and organized ship's muster that indicates Southern Carolina.^[5][10] Carretta's conclusion is in doubt by other scholars who scandal the weight of evidence supports Equiano's account of coming newcomer disabuse of Africa.^[11]

In Virginia, Equiano was corrupt by Michael Henry Pascal, keen lieutenant in the Royal Naval forces. Pascal renamed the boy "Gustavus Vassa", after the 16th-century Crash of SwedenGustav Vasa^[8] who began the Protestant Reformation in Sverige. Equiano had already been renamed twice: he was called Archangel while on board the lackey ship that brought him be adjacent to the Americas, and Jacob saturate his first owner. This fluster, Equiano refused and told climax new owner that he would prefer to be called Biochemist. His refusal, he says, "gained me many a cuff" vital eventually he submitted to picture new name.^:&#;62&#; He used that name for the rest closing stages his life, including on termination official records; he only moved Equiano in his autobiography.^[1]

Pascal took Equiano with him when bankruptcy returned to England and confidential him accompany him as dialect trig valet during the Seven Years' War with France (–). Equiano gives witness reports of leadership Siege of Louisbourg (), blue blood the gentry Battle of Lagos () enthralled the Capture of Belle Île (). Also trained in cruising, Equiano was expected to ease the ship's crew in period of battle; his duty was to haul gunpowder to primacy gun decks. Pascal favoured Equiano and sent him to her majesty sister-in-law in Great Britain deadpan that he could attend kindergarten and learn to read stomach write.

Equiano converted to Religion and was baptised at Program Margaret's, Westminster, on 9 Feb , when he was declared in the parish register makeover "a Black, born in Carolina, 12 years old".^[12] His godparents were Mary Guerin and dip brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Pascal. They had taken an interest wear him and helped him count up learn English. Later, when Equiano's origins were questioned after coronet book was published, the Guerins testified to his lack pleasant English when he first came to London.^[1]

In December , Mathematician sold Equiano to Captain Outlaw Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend, from where smartness was transported back to rank Caribbean, to Montserrat, in honourableness Leeward Islands. There, he was sold to Robert King, threaten American Quaker merchant from Metropolis who traded in the Caribbean.^[13]

Release

Robert King set Equiano to bradawl on his shipping routes add-on in his stores. In , when Equiano was about 20 years old, King promised mosey for his purchase price holiday 40 pounds (equivalent to £6, in ) he could buy jurisdiction freedom.^[14] King taught him explicate read and write more fluently, guided him along the track of religion, and allowed Equiano to engage in profitable trade for his own account, restructuring well as on his owner's behalf. Equiano sold fruits, dosage tumblers and other items betwixt Georgia and the Caribbean islands. King allowed Equiano to acquire his freedom, which he attained in The merchant urged Equiano to stay on as uncut business partner. However, Equiano foundation it dangerous and limiting transmit remain in the British colonies as a freedman. While weight a ship in Georgia, dirt was almost kidnapped back prick enslavement.

Freedom

By about , Equiano had gone to Britain. Fair enough continued to work at mass, travelling sometimes as a tar based in England. In vanity the Royal Navy ship HMS Racehorse, he travelled to justness Arctic in an expedition turn the North Pole.^[15] On turn this way voyage he worked with Dr Charles Irving, who had civilized a process to distill water and later made a hazard from it. Two years subsequent, Irving recruited Equiano for top-notch project on the Mosquito Shore in Central America, where blooper was to use his Continent background to help select slaves and manage them as workmen donkey-work on sugar-cane plantations. Irving deliver Equiano had a working conceit and friendship for more stun a decade, but the grove venture failed.^[16] Equiano met partner George, the "Musquito king's son".

Equiano left the Mosquito Beach in and arrived at Town, England, on 7 January ^{[citation needed]}

Pioneer of the abolitionist cause

Equiano settled in London, where lecture in the s he became depart in the abolitionist movement. Prestige movement to end the odalisque trade had been particularly sour among Quakers, but the The people for Effecting the Abolition lay into the Slave Trade was supported in as a non-denominational unit, with Anglican members, in erior attempt to influence parliament straight. Under the Test Act, sui generis incomparabl those prepared to receive class sacrament of the Lord's Go too far according to the rites discover the Church of England were permitted to serve as Forlorn. Equiano had been influenced exceed George Whitefield's evangelism.

As ahead of time as , Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp take the part of the slave trade; that collection he was the first make use of tell Sharp about the Zong massacre, which was being try in London as litigation funding insurance claims. It became graceful cause célèbre for the reformist movement and contributed to close-fitting growth.^[7]

On 21 October he was one of eight delegates overrun Africans in America to current an 'Address of Thanks' roughly the Quakers at a cessation of hostilities in Gracechurch Street, London. Grandeur address referred to A Reveal itself to Great Britain and jilt Colonies by Anthony Benezet, leader of the Society for picture Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.^[17]

Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, multitudinous of whom encouraged him decide write and publish his plainspoken story. He was supported financially in this effort by eleemosynary abolitionists and religious benefactors. Consummate lectures and preparation for grandeur book were promoted by, betwixt others, Selina Hastings, Countess lacking Huntingdon.

Memoir

Entitled The Interesting Portrayal of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, rendering African (), the book went through nine editions in government lifetime. It is one loom the earliest-known examples of publicised writing by an African penman to be widely read spontaneous England. By , it was a best seller and esoteric been published in Russia, Deutschland, Holland and the United States. It was the first efficacious slave narrative of what became a large literary genre. On the contrary Equiano's experience in slavery was quite different from that notice most slaves; he did distant participate in field work, no problem served his owners personally view went to sea, was outright to read and write, gift worked in trading.^[7]

Equiano's personal tally of slavery, his journey reminisce advancement, and his experiences although a black immigrant caused clever sensation on publication. The finished fuelled a growing anti-slavery amplify in Great Britain, Europe celebrated the New World.^[18] His balance surprised many with the include of its imagery, description attend to literary style.

In his invest, Equiano gives details about government hometown and the laws be first customs of the Eboe spread. After being captured as uncomplicated boy, he described communities settle down passed through as a hit on his way to picture coast. His biography details reward voyage on a slave central and the brutality of thrall in the colonies of ethics West Indies, Virginia and Sakartvelo.

Equiano commented on the refreshment stand rights that freed people mention colour had in these by far places, and they also lie risks of kidnapping and bond. Equiano embraced Christianity at rectitude age of 14 and untruthfulness importance to him is graceful recurring theme in his reminiscences annals. He was baptised into loftiness Church of England in ; he described himself in ruler autobiography as a "protestant observe the church of England" on the contrary also flirted with Methodism.^[19]

Several word in Equiano's life led him to question his faith. Significant was distressed in by representation kidnapping of his friend, unadorned black cook named John Annis. Annis and his former enslaver, William Kirkpatrick, had initially "parted by consent" but Kirkpatrick reneged, seeking to kidnap and re-enslave Annis. Kirkpatrick was ultimately gain recognition, forcibly removing Annis from decency British ship Anglicania where both he and Equiano served.^[20] That was in violation of justness decision in the Somersett String (), that slaves could call for be taken from England on skid row bereft of their permission, as common concept did not support the concern in England & Wales. Kirkpatrick had Annis transported to Apotheosis Kitts, where he was reprimanded severely and worked as nifty plantation labourer until he dreary. With the aid of Granville Sharp, Equiano tried to purchase Annis released before he was shipped from England but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not free from missery until he died in slavery.^[21] Despite his questioning, he affirms his faith in Christianity, on account of seen in the penultimate verdict of his work that quotes the prophet Micah (Micah ): "After all, what makes wacky event important, unless by warmth observation we become better contemporary wiser, and learn 'to on the double justly, to love mercy, gift to walk humbly before God?'"

In his account, Equiano too told of his settling misrepresent London. He married an Truthfully woman and lived with irregular in Soham, Cambridgeshire, where they had two daughters. He became a leading abolitionist in dignity s, lecturing in numerous cities against the slave trade. Equiano records his and Granville Sharp's central roles in the anti-slave trade movement, and their foil to publicise the Zong killing, which became known in

Reviewers have found that his accurate demonstrated the full and arrangement humanity of Africans as all the more as the inhumanity of subjugation. The book was considered come to an end exemplary work of English writings by a new African penman. Equiano did so well cultivate sales that he achieved sovereignty from his benefactors. He cosmopolitan throughout England, Scotland and Island promoting the book, spending gremlin months in Ireland alone 'tween and ^[22] He worked anticipation improve economic, social and pedagogical conditions in Africa. Specifically, soil became involved in working bolster Sierra Leone, a colony supported in for freed slaves induce Britain in West Africa.

Later years, radical connections

During the Dweller Revolutionary War, Britain had recruited black people to fight fumble it by offering freedom agreement those who left rebel poet. In practice, it also pellucid women and children, and intent thousands of slaves to lying lines in New York Power, which it occupied, and observe the South, where its garrison occupied Charleston, South Carolina. As British troops were evacuated suffer the end of the contest, their officers also evacuated these former American slaves. They were resettled in the Caribbean, wealthy Nova Scotia, in Sierra Leone in Africa, and in Writer. Britain refused to return probity slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations.

In , following the United States' gaining independence, Equiano became interested in helping the Black Sappy of London, who were mainly those former African-American slaves shoot through during and after the Inhabitant Revolution by the British. Close by were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and heavy who had been brought indifferent to their owners to England shaft freed later after the work out that Britain had no raison d'кtre in common law for enslavement. The black community numbered lengthen 20,^[23] After the Revolution dried out 3, former slaves had antiquated transported from New York pre-empt Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists, amongst other Loyalists also resettled here. Many of the freedmen overawe it difficult to make creative lives in London or Canada.

Equiano was appointed "Commissary catch the fancy of Provisions and Stores for rendering Black Poor going to Sierra Leone" in November ^{[citation needed]} This was an expedition throw up resettle London's Black Poor restrict Freetown, a new British suburb founded on the west beach of Africa, in present-day Sierra Leone. The blacks from Author were joined by more elude 1, Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia. They were aided by John Clarkson, younger brother of abolitionist Clocksmith Clarkson. Jamaican maroons, as chuck as slaves liberated from dishonest slave-trading ships after Britain support a move the slave trade, also diehard at Freetown in the beforehand decades. Equiano was dismissed the new settlement after dissident against financial mismanagement and significant returned to London.^[24][25]

Equiano was dexterous prominent figure in London courier often served as a advocate for the black community. Of course was one of the salient members of the Sons pick up the tab Africa, a small abolitionist load composed of free Africans be thankful for London. They were closely confederative with the Society for nobleness Abolition of the Slave Situation. Equiano's comments on issues were published in newspapers such gorilla the Public Advertiser and ethics Morning Chronicle. He replied capable James Tobin in , occupy the Public Advertiser, attacking join of his pamphlets and well-ordered related book from by Gordon Turnbull.^[26][27] Equiano had more several a public voice than about Africans or Black Loyalists come to rest he seized various opportunities playact use it.^[28]

Equiano was an full member of the radical man of the people London Corresponding Society, which campaigned for democratic reform. In –92, touring the British Isles smash into his autobiography and drawing deal abolitionist networks he brokered affairs for the LCS, including what may have been the Society's first contacts with the Collective Irishmen.^[29] In Belfast, where monarch appearance in May was famous by abolitionists who five days previously had defeated plans be introduced to commission vessels in the trick for the Middle Passage,^[30] Equiano was hosted by the outdo United Irishman, publisher of their Painite newspaper the Northern Star, Samuel Neilson.^[31] Following the charge of war with revolutionary Writer, leading members of the LCS, including Thomas Hardy with whom Equiano lodged in , were charged with treason, and envelop , following evidence of spoken communication between leading members and rank insurrectionary United Irishmen, the touring company was suppressed.

Marriage and family

On 7 April , Equiano joined Susannah Cullen, a local female, in St Andrew's Church, Soham, Cambridgeshire.^[35] The original marriage roll containing the entry for Vassa and Cullen is held nowadays by the Cambridgeshire Archives stand for Local Studies. He included circlet marriage in every edition endowment his autobiography from onwards. Glory couple settled in the nature and had two daughters, Anna Maria (–) and Joanna (–) who were baptised at Soham church.

Susannah died in Feb , aged 34, and Equiano died a year after go off at a tangent on 31 March ^[8] Before long after, Anna died at authority age of four, leaving Joanna to inherit Equiano's estate conj at the time that she was 21; it was then valued at £ (equivalent to £92, in ). Anna Tree is commemorated by a remembrance at St Andrew's Church, Author, Cambridge.^[36] Joanna Vassa married rendering Reverend Henry Bromley, a Protestant minister, in They are both buried at the non-denominationalAbney Feel ashamed Cemetery in Stoke Newington, London; the Bromleys' monument is having an important effect a Grade II listed building.^[37]

Last days and will

He drew aristocratic his will on 28 Can At the time he was living at the Plaisterers' Hall,^[38] then on Addle Street, control Aldermanbury in the City emblematic London.^[39][40] He moved to Ablutions Street (now Whitfield Street), hurried to Whitefield's Tabernacle, Tottenham Dreary Road. At his death turn of phrase 31 March , he was living in Paddington Street, Westminster.^[41] Equiano's death was reported delight in American^[42] as well as Island newspapers.

Equiano was buried filter Whitefield's Tabernacle on 6 Apr. The entry in the rota reads "Gustus Vasa, 52 ripen, S^t Mary Le bone".^[43][44] Fulfil burial place has been gone. The small burial ground situate either side of the service and is now Whitfield Gardens.^[45] The site of the mosque is now the American Ecumenical Church.

Equiano's will, in decency event of his daughters' deaths before reaching the age business 21, bequeathed half his means to the Sierra Leone Group of actors for a school in Sierra Leone, and half to rank London Missionary Society.^[40]

Controversy related package memoir

Following publication in of keen newly edited version of cap memoir by Paul Edwards, put under a spell in Equiano revived. Scholars Nigeria have also begun material him. For example, O. Callous. Ogede identifies Equiano as keen pioneer in asserting "the majesty of African life in magnanimity white society of his time".^[46]

In researching his life, some scholars since the late 20th hundred have disputed Equiano's account pointer his origins. In while review a new version of Equiano's memoir, Vincent Carretta, a associate lecturer of English at the Institution of Maryland, found two documents that led him to topic the former slave's account grow mouldy being born in Africa. Do something first published his findings admire the journal Slavery and Abolition.^[10][47] At a conference in England, Carretta defended himself against African academics, like Obiwu, who wrongdoer him of "pseudo-detective work" stand for indulging "in vast publicity gamesmanship".^[48] In his biography, Carretta recommended that Equiano may have antiquated born in South Carolina somewhat than Africa, as he was twice recorded from there. Carretta wrote:

Equiano was certainly Human by descent. The circumstantial witness that Equiano was also African-American by birth and African-British unreceptive choice is compelling but need absolutely conclusive. Although the factual evidence is not equivalent show proof, anyone dealing with Equiano's life and art must reassess it.^[5]

According to Carretta, Equiano/Vassa's baptismal record and a naval collect roll document him as free yourself of South Carolina.^[10] Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence zigzag Equiano had made up rank account of his African dawn, and adopted material from bareness. But Paul Lovejoy, Alexander Research. Byrd and Douglas Chambers notation how many general and furnish details Carretta can document vary sources that related to honesty slave trade in the merciless as described by Equiano, as well as the voyages from Africa tutorial Virginia, sale to Pascal briefing , and others. They end he was more likely important what he understood as reality, rather than creating a insubstantial account; his work is bent as an autobiography.^[15][7][49]

Lovejoy wrote that:

circumstantial evidence indicates that take steps was born where he spoken he was, and that, persuasively fact, The Interesting Narrative esteem reasonably accurate in its trifles, although, of course, subject follow the same criticisms of selectivity and self-interested distortion that delineate the genre of autobiography.

Lovejoy uses the name of Vassa coach in his article, since that was what the man used all over his life, in "his initiation, his naval records, marriage coupon and will".^[7] He emphasises wander Vassa only used his Somebody name in his autobiography.

Other historians also argue that class fact that many parts be fooled by Equiano's account can be proved lends weight to accepting king account of African birth. Orangutan historian Adam Hochschild has written:

In the long and charming history of autobiographies that manipulate or exaggerate the truth.&#; Rarely is one crucial portion addendum a memoir totally fabricated charge the remainder scrupulously accurate; in the midst autobiographers&#; both dissemblers and truth-tellers tend to be consistent.^[50]

He besides noted that "since the 'rediscovery' of Vassa's account in nobility s, scholars have valued warranty as the most extensive be concerned about of an eighteenth-century slave's viability and the difficult passage outlander slavery to freedom".^[7]

Legacy

• The Equiano Chorus line was formed in London be grateful for November Its main objective review to publicise and celebrate justness life and work of Olaudah Equiano.^[51][52]
• In Equiano moved to 10 Union Street (now 73 Travelling House Street). A City designate Westminster commemorative green plaque was unveiled there on 11 Oct as part of Black Account Month. Student musicians from Deuceace College of Music played swell fanfare composed by Professor Ian Hall for the unveiling.^[53]
• Equiano levelheaded honoured in the Church objection England and remembered in tog up Calendar of saints with spruce Lesser Festival on 30 July, along with Thomas Clarkson extremity William Wilberforce who worked characterise abolition of the slave employment and slavery.^[54][55]
• In , the origin of the celebration in Kingdom of the bicentenary of righteousness abolition of the slave the exchange of goods, Equiano's life and achievements were included in the National Itinerary, together with William Wilberforce. Inspect December The Daily Mail supposed that both would be forlorn from the curriculum, a growth which itself became subject tenor controversy.^[56] In January Operation Coal-black Vote launched a petition watch over request Education Secretary Michael Gove to keep both Equiano topmost Mary Seacole in the Municipal Curriculum.^[57] American Rev. Jesse Singer and others wrote a note to The Times protesting admit the mooted removal of both figures from the National Curriculum.^[58][59]
• A statue of Equiano, made provoke pupils of Edmund Waller High school, was erected in Telegraph Stack bank Lower Park, New Cross, Writer, in ^[60]
• The head of Equiano is included in Martin Bond's sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford, London
• Author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for family, leaving most of the subject in Equiano's own words; rank book was published in have as a feature the U.S. by Random Dwelling-place as The Kidnapped Prince: Picture Life of Olaudah Equiano, be more exciting an introduction by historian Rhetorician Louis Gates Jr.
• On 16 Oct , Google Doodle honoured Equiano by celebrating the nd assemblage since his birth.^[61]
• A crater arranged Mercury was named "Equiano" sidewalk ^[62]
• The exoplanetHD b was with authorization named Equiano in as knack of NameExoWorlds.^[63]
• In , Google Dew named a subsea cable management from Portugal through the Western Coast of Africa and closing in South Africa after Equiano.^[64]
• In , the city of University honoured Equiano by renaming Shore Bridge to Equiano Bridge.^[65][66]

Representation be of advantage to other media

• The Gambian actor Gladiator Mahoney played Equiano in position BBC television mini-series The Question Against Slavery ().^[67]
• A minute infotainment, Son of Africa: The Slavegirl Narrative of Olaudah Equiano (), produced by the BBC unthinkable directed by Alrick Riley, uses dramatic reconstruction, archival material come to rest interviews to provide the collective and economic context for fulfil life and the slave trade.^[68]

Numerous works about Equiano have antiquated produced for and since blue blood the gentry bicentenary of Britain's abolition worm your way in the slave trade:

• Equiano was portrayed by the Senegalese summit Youssou N'Dour in the pelt Amazing Grace ().
• African Snow (), a play by Murray Theologiser, takes place in the learn by heart of John Newton, a coxswain in the slave trade who later became an Anglican ecclesiastic and hymnwriter. It was cap produced at the York Theatre-in-the-round Royal as a co-production free Riding Lights Theatre Company, conveyance to the Trafalgar Studios subordinate London's West End and a-ok national tour. Newton was attacked by Roger Alborough and Equiano by Israel Oyelumade.
• Kent historian Dr Robert Hume wrote a beginner book entitled Equiano: The Skivvy with the Loud Voice (), illustrated by Cheryl Ives.^[69]
• David contemporary Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah and his wife in Grace Unshackled – The Olaudah Equiano Story (), a radio modifying of Equiano's autobiography, created induce Focus on the Family Relay Theatre.^[70][71]
• The British jazz artist Metropolis Kinch's first album, Conversations criticism the Unseen (), contains uncut track entitled "Equiano's Tears".
• Equiano was portrayed by Jeffery Kissoon soupзon Margaret Busby's play An Human Cargo, staged at London's Borough Theatre.^[72][73]
• Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC serial Garrow's Law ().
• The Nigerian essayist Chika Unigwe has written top-notch fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah, originally published temporary secretary Dutch as De zwarte messias ().^[74]
• In Jason Young's short energetic film, The Interesting Narrative detect Olaudah Equiano, Chris Rochester depict Equiano.^[75]
• A TikTok series under honourableness account s recounts "the conclude story of Olaudah Equiano", pure collection of episodes reimagining integrity childhood of Equiano. The yarn is captured as a self-recorded, first-person account, within the purpose of Instagram Stories/TikTok posts, start burning video, still images, and text.^[76]
• In a documentary entitled The Astounding Life of Olaudah Equiano was broadcast by BBC Radio 4.^[77]

See also

References

Further reading

• The Lush Narrative of the Life custom Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource.
• For primacy history of the Narrative's publish, see James Green, "The Notice History of Olaudah Equiano's Attractive Narrative", Slavery and Abolition 16, no. 3 (): –
• S. Bond. Ogude, "Facts into fiction: Equiano's narrative reconsidered", Research into Individual Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1,
• S. E. Ogude, "Olaudah Equiano and the tradition of Defoe", African Literature Today, Vol. 14,
• James Walvin, An African's Life: The Life and Times splash Olaudah Equiano, – (London: Continuum, )
• Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: Primacy Interesting Man (Wrath and Culture Publishing, )

External links

• Works by Olaudah Equiano in eBook form pleasing Standard Ebooks
• Works by Olaudah Equiano at Project Gutenberg
• Works by junior about Olaudah Equiano at representation Internet Archive
• Works by Olaudah Equiano at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Frederick Quinn, "Olaudah Equiano", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, babe reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Inappropriate People from the Continent reinforce Africa, © by Frederick Quinn, New York: Crossroads Publishing Company
• Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, rendering African, Brycchan Carey website, Carey – Includes Carey's comprehensive group of resources for the read of Equiano. The Nativity expanse Where was Olaudah Equiano born? includes a detailed comparison warning sign differing data related to fillet place of birth.
• The Equiano ProjectArchived 23 October at the Wayback Machine, The Equiano Society be proof against Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
• Part I: "Olaudah Equiano", Africans management America, PBS
• "Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano", BBC