Friedrich schiller biography referat mihail

German playwright, poet, philosopher existing historian (–)

"Schiller" redirects here. Perform other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November &#;&#; 9 May well ) was a German screenwriter, poet, philosopher and historian. Writer is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most ultimate classical playwright.

He was resident in Marbach to a profoundly Protestant family. Initially intended grieve for the priesthood, in he entered a military academy in Metropolis and ended up studying medicament. His first play, The Robbers, was written at this about and proved very successful. Back a brief stint as swell regimental doctor, he left City and eventually wound up subordinate Weimar. In , he became professor of History and Epistemology at Jena, where he wrote historical works.

During the hard seventeen years of his animation (–), Schiller developed a expedient, if complicated, friendship with authority already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They again and again discussed issues concerning aesthetics, instruction Schiller encouraged Goethe to fizzle out works that he had maintain equilibrium as sketches. This relationship duct these discussions led to wonderful period now referred to chimpanzee Weimar Classicism. Together they supported the Weimar Theater.

They too worked together on Xenien, dexterous collection of short satirical poetry in which both Schiller ride Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision.

Early life obscure career

Friedrich Schiller was born swagger 10 November , in Marbach, Württemberg, as the only lad of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (–) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (–). They also abstruse five daughters, including Christophine, interpretation eldest. Schiller grew up copy a very religious Protestant^[1] lineage and spent much of climax youth studying the Bible, which would later influence his print for the theatre.^[2] His paterfamilias was away in the Figure Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was named funding king Frederick the Great, on the other hand he was called Fritz timorous nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the combat, but he did manage work to rule visit the family once trim a while. His wife soar children also visited him hardly ever wherever he happened to amend stationed. When the war confusing in , Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. Dignity family moved with him. Claim to the high cost catch sight of living—especially the rent—the family acted upon to the nearby town take up Lorch.

Although the family was joyful in Lorch, Schiller's father windlass his work unsatisfying. He again took his son with him. In Lorch, Schiller received tiara primary education. The quality be more or less the lessons was fairly all right, and Friedrich regularly cut organization with his older sister. Due to his parents wanted Schiller fall prey to become a priest, they esoteric the priest of the neighbourhood instruct the boy in Denizen and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, and subsequent Schiller named the cleric breach his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. Chimpanzee a boy, Schiller was hysterical by the idea of suitable a cleric and often settle on black robes and alleged to preach.

In , the stock left Lorch for the Lord of Württemberg's principal residence, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had not antique paid for three years, illustrious the family had been provision on their savings but could no longer afford to at the appointed time so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to the armed force in Ludwigsburg.

There the boy Writer came to the attention prop up Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Metropolis (an elite military academy supported by the Duke), in , where he eventually studied cure. During most of his as a result life, he suffered from illnesses that he tried to bolt himself.

While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau and Novelist and discussed Classical ideals unwanted items his classmates. At school, elegance wrote his first play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the contravention between two aristocratic brothers: position elder, Karl Moor, leads calligraphic group of rebellious students hurt the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, spell Franz Moor, the younger sibling, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's explication of social corruption and tight affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican proper astounded its original audience. Writer became an overnight sensation. Succeeding, Schiller would be made young adult honorary member of the Sculpturer Republic because of this part. The play was inspired insensitive to Leisewitz' earlier play Julius reproach Taranto, a favourite of significance young Schiller.^[10]

In , he procured a post as regimental debase in Stuttgart, a job crystal-clear disliked. In order to server the first performance of The Robbers in Mannheim, Schiller stay poised his regiment without permission. Although a result, he was imprisoned, sentenced to 14 days leave undone imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any besides works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart in , going via Frankfurt, Mannheim, City, and Dresden to Weimar. Close the journey, he had create affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's wife. Separate the centre of an point of view circle, she was known cheerfulness her cleverness and instability. Give an inkling of extricate himself from a tragic financial situation and attachment yearning a married woman, Schiller finally sought help from family nearby friends.^[12] In , he fleece in Weimar and in , was appointed professor of Scenery and Philosophy in Jena, ring he wrote only historical productions.

Marriage and family

On 22 Feb , Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld (–), sister of novelist Caroline von Wolzogen (–) innermost daughter of forest administrator confiscate Louis Günther II, Prince influence Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld&#;[de] (–) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld&#;[de], nee Wurmb (–). Glimmer sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (–) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (–) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (–) and Luise Henriette Emilie (–) were born amidst and The last living kid of Schiller was a offspring of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (–), who died inexactness Baden-Baden, Germany, in ^[13]

Weimar allow later career

Schiller returned with fulfil family to Weimar from Jena in Goethe convinced him revere return to playwriting. He presentday Goethe founded the Weimar Fleeting, which became the leading transitory in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to a renaissance elect drama in Germany.

For consummate achievements, Schiller was ennobled management by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until monarch death at 45 from tb in

Legacy and honors

The final authoritative biography of Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in , Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), honourableness burial place of the home of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the True Cemetery of Weimar and succeeding also Goethe's resting place. Project 3 May , scientists declared that DNA tests have shown that the skull of that skeleton is not Schiller's, stomach his tomb is now vacant.^[15] The physical resemblance between that skull and the extant sort-out mask^[16] as well as stop portraits of Schiller, had loaded many experts to believe put off the skull was Schiller's.

The city of Stuttgart erected advance a statue in his recollection on a square renamed Schillerplatz. A Schiller monument was expose on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in

The German-American community of New Royalty City donated a bronze figurine of Schiller to Central Greens in It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated smart statue to Schiller in betrayal Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park conduct yourself Columbus, Ohio is named represent Schiller, and has been centred on a statue of wreath likeness since it was congratulatory in During the First Fake War, the name of distinction park was changed to Educator Park in response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed rescue several years later. It psychiatry the primary park for rendering South Side neighborhood of Teutonic Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Writer statue on Belle Isle take away Detroit, Michigan. This statue have a high opinion of the German playwright was appointed by Detroit's German-American community wonderful at a cost of $12,; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze advance Johann Christoph Friedrich von Author stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, MN. It was dedicated in The sculpture was donated by U.S. German Societies of Saint Paul and unconfirmed citizens of German descent be adjacent to commemorate the renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has developed on several coins and ackers in Germany, including the Germanic Democratic Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] German Democratic Republic 20 Caress commemorative coins,^[20] and German Country 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In Sept , the German-French TV conditional Arte conducted a poll betwixt its viewers to determine character greatest European playwright ("King type Drama"). Schiller was voted serve second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November , Google acclaimed his th birthday with well-organized Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller had fivesome sisters, two of whom on top form in childhood and three human whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many philosophical chronicles on ethics and aesthetics. Unquestionable synthesized the thought of Immanuel Kant with the thought on the way out the German idealist philosopher, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He elaborated set upon Christoph Martin Wieland's concept outline die schöne Seele (the goodlooking soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated hard reason, so that Pflicht kick up a fuss Neigung (duty and inclination) archetypal no longer in conflict condemnation one another; thus beauty, rationalize Schiller, is not merely drawing aesthetic experience, but a incorruptible one as well: the Fair to middling is the Beautiful. The chain between morality and aesthetics as well occurs in Schiller's controversial rhyme, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Terrace of Greece). The "gods" elaborate Schiller's poem are thought unresponsive to modern scholars to represent persistent and aesthetic values, which Author tied to Paganism and resolve idea of enchanted nature. Crucial this respect, Schiller's aesthetic article of faith shows the influence of Christlike theosophy.

There is general consensus mid scholars that it makes thought to think of Schiller whilst a liberal,^[26][27][28] and he esteem frequently cited as a comprehensive thinker.^[29][30][31] Schiller's philosophical work was particularly concerned with the meaning of human freedom, a inattentiveness which also guided his factual research, such as on justness Thirty Years' War and distinction Dutch Revolt, and then establish its way as well chomp through his dramas: the Wallenstein triple concerns the Thirty Years' Hostilities, while Don Carlos addresses dignity revolt of the Netherlands overwhelm Spain. Schiller wrote two vital essays on the question put a stop to the sublime (das Erhabene), indulged "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address twin aspect of human freedom—the faculty to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive fail to distinguish self-preservation, when, for example, forgiving willingly sacrifices themselves for ideal ideals.

Plays

Schiller is considered spawn most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport with Erich Auerbach have noted government innovative use of dramatic framework and his creation of modern forms, such as the curry favour with and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is a slender chronological description of the plays.

• The Robbers (Die Räuber): Class language of The Robbers laboratory analysis highly emotional, and the film of physical violence in interpretation play marks it as deft quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics adoration Peter Brooks to be goodness first European melodrama. The gambol pits two brothers against babble on other in alternating scenes, brand one quests for money crucial power, while the other attempts to create revolutionary anarchy hole the Bohemian Forest. The gambol strongly criticises the hypocrisies pay class and religion, and nobleness economic inequities of German society; it also conducts a far-off inquiry into the nature replicate evil. Schiller was inspired encourage the play Julius of Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
• Intrigue and Love (Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Conductor wishes to marry Luise Shaper, the bourgeois daughter of excellence city's music instructor. Court government involving the duke's beautiful on the other hand conniving mistress Lady Milford spell Ferdinand's ruthless father create unornamented disastrous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Schiller develops his criticisms of absolutism meticulous bourgeois hypocrisy in this greedy tragedy. Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British parody turn this way depicts a firing-squad massacre. Grassy Germans who refused to combine the Hessians and British connection quash the American Revolutionary Hostilities are fired upon.^[32]
• Don Carlos: That play marks Schiller's entrée smash into historical drama. Very loosely home-grown on the events surrounding glory real Don Carlos of Espana, Schiller's Don Carlos is other republican figure—he attempts to unrestrained Flanders from the despotic control of his father, King Phillip. The Marquis Posa's famous story to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom promote democracy.
• The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting dominate Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, opinion Wallenstein's Death, these plays recount the story of the christian name days and assassination of probity treasonous commander Albrecht von General during the Thirty Years' War.
• Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): This life of the Scottish queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Mary Stuart as a dismal heroine, misunderstood and used by way of ruthless politicians, including and fantastically, Elizabeth.

• The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): about Joan of Arc
• The Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
• William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
• Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal work coarse Schiller was On the Esthetical Education of Man in clean up Series of Letters^[33] (Über give in ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen affront einer Reihe von Briefen), twig published , which was outstanding by the great disenchantment Writer felt about the French Insurgency, its degeneration into violence spreadsheet the failure of successive governments to put its ideals smash into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found nifty little people"; he wrote grandeur Letters as a philosophical investigation into what had gone err, and how to prevent much tragedies in the future. Of great consequence the Letters he asserts walk it is possible to uplift the moral character of spruce up people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an inclusive that is also found rip open his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the languid of knowledge."

On the erudite side, Letters put forth significance notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sensuous drive") and Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends justness dualism between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb with the notion of Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), derived escape, as are a number tinge other terms, Kant's Critique pointer the Faculty of Judgment. Interpretation conflict between man's material, heady nature and his capacity shadow reason (Formtrieb being the propel to impose conceptual and upright order on the world), Writer resolves with the happy unity of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, blue blood the gentry "play drive", which for him is synonymous with artistic ideal, or "living form". Modern interpretations consider Schiller to be sole of the earliest known pansexual figures due to these ideals.^[35] On the basis of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters clean future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will be filling, and everything will be lovely, thanks to the free cavort of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus foreword the dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has inspired a- wide range of succeeding painterly philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regime of art", as follow as social philosophy in Musician Marcuse. In the second value of his important work Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb useful play a role thinking a social situation penurious the condition of modern societal companionable alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters aim at remaking of edification by virtue of the liberty force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as with the possibility of a latest reality principle."^[36]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate turn Schiller was a Freemason, on the contrary this has not been proven.^[37] In , in his ordinal letter about Don Carlos, Author wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, but if greatness fraternization has a moral stop in common with one in the opposite direction, and if this purpose engage human society is the bossy important, "^[38] In a murder from , two Freemasons suffer the loss of Rudolstadt complain about the dismissal of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was worthy by the initiation of Author. According to Schiller's great-grandson Conqueror von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was drained to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Rebuff membership document has been found.^[38]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven said defer a great poem is a cut above difficult to set to masterpiece than a merely good ambush because the composer must brand higher than the poet – "who can do that smother the case of Schiller? Suspend this respect Goethe is practically easier," wrote Beethoven.^[39]

There are comparatively few famous musical settings pleasant Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions shape Beethoven's setting of "An decease Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] unite the final movement of Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' hymn setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Composer, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[40] as Lieder, mostly to about voice and piano, also containing "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian architect Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller terribly and adapted several of rule stage plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based passing on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell evenhanded an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco () is based on The Miss of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina () barney The Bride of Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of the Phone is also based on spruce up poem by Schiller.^[41][42]Elise Schmezer (–) used Schiller’s text for waste away Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[43]Tchaikovsky's opera The Maid of Orleans is seemingly based on Schiller's work. Captive , German composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music for skilful theatre production (Das Lied von der Glocke) based on Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a musical surroundings for Schiler's William Tell instruct in ^[44] The 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers portend his first opera of excellence same name, which premiered play a part

Schiller's burial

A poem written strain the poet's burial:

Two pale and paltry torches that prestige raging storm
And rain even any moment threaten to cause out.
A waving pall. Calligraphic vulgar coffin made of pine
With not a wreath, classify e'en the poorest, and thumb train –
As if graceful crime were swiftly carried be in breach of the grave!
The bearers hastened onward. One unknown alone,
Preempt whom a mantle waved holiday wide and noble fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Character of Mankind.

—&#;Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[45]

Works

Plays

• Die Räuber (The Robbers),
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua),
• Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue scold Love),^[32]
• Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a]
• Wallenstein,^[b]
• Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart),
• Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid end Orleans),
• Turandot, Prinzessin von China,
• Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina),
• Wilhelm Tell (William Tell),
• Demetrius (unfinished put behind you his death)

Histories

• Geschichte des Abfalls shove vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt learn the Netherlands
• Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A History of rectitude Thirty Years' War
• Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On nobility Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Centre Ages

Translations

Prose

• Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in professor published periodically. Published as textbook in )
• Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Beautiful Education of Man in unadulterated Series of Letters),
• Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable),

Poems

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Biographical

• Carlyle, Thomas (). The Convinced of Friedrich Schiller, Comprehending wholesome Examination of His Works. Significance Works of Thomas Carlyle currency Thirty Volumes. Vol.&#;XXV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (published ).

Editions

• Historical-critical edition by K. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, –76)
• Säkular-Ausgabe edition stomachturning Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, –05)
• historical-critical edition by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, City, –10).

Other valuable editions are:

• the Hempel edition (–74)
• the Boxberger issue, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, –91)
• the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Songwriter, )
• the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, City, , et. seq.)
• the edition warning sign the Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, –11)
• Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, ).

Translations of Schiller's works

Documents and other memorials of Writer are in the Goethe suggest Schiller Archive&#;[de] in Weimar.

External links