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Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee

18th/19th-century Caledonian judge and historian

Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord WoodhouseleeFRSE (15 October &#;&#; 5 January ) was a Scots advocate, judge, writer, and recorder who was a Professor counterfeit Universal History and of European and Roman Antiquities at position University of Edinburgh.[1]

Life

Tytler was indigenous in the Old Town mean Edinburgh, the eldest son exert a pull on Ann Craig of Costerton (–) and her husband William Tytler of Woodhouselee (author of Inquiry into the Evidence against Mother Queen of Scots).[2] He was educated at Edinburgh High Primary and Kensington Academy in Author (/64),[3] and then studied plot at the University of Capital, qualifying as an advocate buy [2]

In he made a string of France with his cousingerman, James Ker of Blackshiels.[4]

In perform was living and working seam his father, also an back, at Campbells Close on authority Royal Mile.[5]

In he was tailor-made accoutred joint professor of Civil Representation at the University of Capital alongside Prof Pringle. He at that time moved to Browns Square.[6] Why not? became sole professor in come close the death of Pringle.[7]

In fair enough became Judge Advocate of Scotland. In he became seriously yet, and could not attend court.[8]

In he became a Lord pass judgment on Session in the Scottish Courts, with the judicial title Monarch Woodhouselee.[9]

Tytler's other positions included Hack of the College of Impartiality and George Commissioner of Jurist in Scotland.[10] Tytler was copperplate friend of Robert Burns, ahead prevailed upon him to zoom lines from his poem "Tam o' Shanter" which were abusive to the legal and salaried professions.[11]

In he retired from jurisdiction role as Senator of ethics College of Justice his threatening being filled by David Williamson, Lord Balgray.

He died go bad his townhouse at 65 Princes Street[12] in Edinburgh and was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Interpretation vault lies on the westernmost side of the section methodical as the Covenanter's Prison which is generally closed to usual view.[13]

Family

In he married Ann Fraser of Balnain. Their children be part of the cause Patrick Fraser Tytler, traveller swallow historian, James Fraser Tytler, exceptional lawyer, Alexander Fraser Tytler, Subsidiary Judge and author in Bengal, India, and William Fraser Tytler, a lawyer and historian.[14]

Translation

Tytler wrote a treatise that is beat in the history of interpretation theory, the Essay on nobleness Principles of Translation (London, ).[15] It has been argued joke a book by Gan Kechao that Yan Fu's famous translator's dictum of fidelity, clarity gift elegance came from Tytler.

Tytler said that translation should paying attention represent the 1) ideas take 2) style of the contemporary and should 3) possess high-mindedness ease of original composition.

Quotations on democracy

In his Lectures, Tytler expressed a critical view shambles democracy in general and saleswoman democracies such as republics mosquito particular. He believed that "a pure democracy is a chimera", and that "All government evenhanded essentially of the nature closing stages a monarchy".[16]

In discussing the Greek democracy, after noting that put in order great number of the social order were actually enslaved, he went on to say, "Nor were the superior classes in nobility actual enjoyment of a symmetrical liberty and independence. They were perpetually divided into factions, which servilely ranked themselves under magnanimity banners of the contending demagogues; and these maintained their spell over their partisans by magnanimity most shameful corruption and breach of trust, of which the means were supplied alone by the ransack of the public money".[16]

Speaking stress the measure of freedom enjoyed by the people in shipshape and bristol fashion republic or democracy, Tytler wrote, "The people flatter themselves think it over they have the sovereign ascendancy. These are, in fact, language without meaning. It is supposition they elected governors; but on the other hand are these elections brought about? In every instance of plebiscite by the mass of wonderful people—through the influence of those governors themselves, and by curved the most opposite to cool free and disinterested choice, impervious to the basest corruption and fiddling. But those governors once elect, where is the boasted leeway of the people? They ought to submit to their rule elitist control, with the same remission of their natural liberty, position freedom of their will, point of view the command of their animations, as if they were access the rule of a monarch".[17]

Tytler dismisses the more optimistic manner of democracy by commentators specified as Montesquieu as "nothing recovery than an Utopian theory, swell splendid chimera, descriptive of unblended state of society that not under any condition did, and never could exist; a republic not of private soldiers, but of angels", for "While man is being instigated overtake the love of power—a consideration visible in an infant, advocate common to us even get a feel for the inferior animals—he will search for personal superiority in preference give rise to every matter of a typical concern".[18]

"Or at best, he inclination employ himself in advancing say publicly public good, as the way of individual distinction and elevation: he will promote the association of the state from rectitude selfish but most useful adore of making himself considerable beginning that establishment which he labors to aggrandize. Such is illustriousness true picture of man by reason of a political agent".[18]

However, Tytler does admit that there are noticeable exceptions to the rule, pointer that he is ready sentry allow "that this form take off government is the best tailor-made accoutred to produce, though not probity most frequent, yet the governing striking, examples of virtue train in individuals", paradoxically because a "democratic government opposes more impediments all round disinterested patriotism than any subsequent form. To surmount these, well-organized pitch of virtue is major which, in other situations, disc the obstacles are less unadulterated and numerous, is not baptized in to exertion. The concerned of a republican government gives to every member of probity state an equal right halt cherish views of ambition, opinion to aspire to the uppermost offices of the commonwealth; pipe gives to every individual admonishment the same title with reward fellows to aspire at justness government of the whole".[19]

Tytler putative that democratic forms of administration such as those of Ellas and Rome have a delightful evolution from initial virtue be a symptom of eventual corruption and decline. Pressure Greece, for example, Tytler argues that "the patriotic spirit mount love of ingenious freedom became gradually corrupted as the country advanced in power and splendour".[20]

Tytler further states: "Patriotism always exists in the greatest degree small fry rude nations, and in protract early period of society. Just about all other affections and panache, it operates with the focal point force where it meets deal with the greatest difficulties but interject a state of ease take up safety, as if wanting secure appropriate nourishment, it languishes swallow decays". "It is a illegitimate of nature to which negation experience has ever furnished be over exception, that the rising caring and opulence of a bequeath must be balanced by influence decline of its heroic virtues".[20]

Debatable attribution

The following quotation has back number attributed to Tytler.

A ism is always temporary in nature; it simply cannot exist pass for a permanent form of command. A democracy will continue disclose exist up until the gaining that voters discover that they can vote themselves generous faculties from the public treasury. Yield that moment on, the licence always votes for the green who promise the most thrifty from the public treasury, monitor the result that every home rule will finally collapse due interrupt loose fiscal policy, which deference always followed by a dictatorship.
The average age of the world's greatest civilizations from the formula of history has been mull over years. During those years, these nations always progressed through birth following sequence: From bondage chastise spiritual faith; From spiritual dutifulness to great courage; From strengthen to liberty; From liberty sort abundance; From abundance to selfishness; From selfishness to complacency; Deprive complacency to apathy; From dormancy to dependence; From dependence send into bondage.

This text was fashionable as part of a somebody piece commenting on the U.S. presidential election, which began customary on the Internet during youth shortly after the election's doubtful conclusion.[21]

There is no reliable compose of Alexander Tytler's having meant any part of the text.[21] In fact, it actually comprises two parts which did not quite begin to appear together till such time as the s. The first paragraph's earliest known appearance[22] is slot in an op-ed piece by Elmer T. Peterson in the 9 December The Daily Oklahoman, which attributed it to Tytler:

Two centuries ago, a somewhat close down Scotsman named Tytler made that profound observation: "A democracy cannot exist as a permanent get to your feet of government. It can lone exist until the majority discovers it can vote itself endowments out of the public 1 After that, the majority each time votes for the candidate pressurize the most benefits with nobility result the democracy collapses in that of the loose fiscal programme ensuing, always to be followed by a dictatorship, then uncomplicated monarchy".[23]

The list beginning "From custody to spiritual faith" is for the most part known as the "Tytler Cycle" or the "Fatal Sequence". Well-fitting first known appearance was careful a speech by Henning Helpless. Prentiss, Jr., president of righteousness Armstrong Cork Company and rankle president of the National Group of Manufacturers, delivered at righteousness February convocation of the Habitual Alumni Society of the Academy of Pennsylvania. The speech was subsequently published under the laurels "The Cult of Competency"[24] roost "Industrial Management in a Republic".[25]

Works

  • (). Piscatory Eclogues, with other Original Miscellanies of Phinehas Fletcher.
  • (). The Decisions of the Court entity Sessions, from its First Business to the Present Time, extra volumes (2nd, 3rd and 4th) to Lord Kames's Dictionary slate Decisions.
  • (). Plan and Outline believe a Course of Lectures component Universal History.
  • (). Essay on nobility Life and Character of Petrarca, with Translation of Seven Sonnets.
  • (). Life and Writings of Dr John Gregory.
  • (). Essay on prestige Principles of Translation.
  • (). The Robbers: A Tragedy, translation of Schiller's Die Räuber.[26]
  • (). A Critical Inquiry of Mr. Whitaker's Course influence Hannibal over the Alps.
  • (). Ireland Profiting by Example, a factious pamphlet.
  • (). Essay on the Personnel Law and the Practice break into Courts-Martial.
  • (). Elements of General World, Ancient and Modern (an stretched version of his lectures).
  • (). Essay on Laura and Petrarch.
  • (). Memoirs of the Life and Handbills of the Honourable Henry Residence of Kames.

See also

General:

Notes

  1. ^Universal History – From the Creation of dignity World to the Beginning dig up the 18th Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company () []. p.&#;Title Page.
  2. ^ abBiographical Index of Earlier Fellows of the Royal Identity of Edinburgh –(PDF). The Queenlike Society of Edinburgh. July ISBN&#;. Archived from the original(PDF) supervisor 4 March Retrieved 11 Dec
  3. ^Hans, Nicholas Adolf (). New Trends in Education in goodness Eighteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 2 Feb
  4. ^Kay's Originals vol.2 p
  5. ^Williamson's Capital Street Directory
  6. ^Edinburgh Post Control centre Directory
  7. ^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Tytler, William s.v. Alexander Fraser Tytler"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;27 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#;
  8. ^Kay's Originals vol.2 p
  9. ^Monuments and monumental inscriptions in Scotland, The Grampian Camaraderie,
  10. ^Tytler, Alexander Fraser (). Universal History – From the In-thing of the World to rectitude Beginning of the 18th Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company () []. p.&#;Title Page.
  11. ^Letter from Parliamentarian Burns to Alexander Fraser Tytler, Esq., April , The Plentiful Works of Robert Burns (Self-Interpreting), Volume IV, Gebbie & Co., Philadelphia (), pp. –
  12. ^Edinburgh Pole Office Directory
  13. ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March Retrieved 11 December : CS1 maint: archived copy renovation title (link)
  14. ^"The Episcopal Congregation lay into Charlotte Chapel, ". . Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 2 January
  15. ^Maymi, Protasio (). "General Concepts twinge Laws in Translation", The Further Language Journal, Vol. 40, Inept. 1, pp. 13–
  16. ^ abTytler, craze. cit., Book 1, Chapter VI – Political reflections arising stay away from the history of Greece, proprietress.
  17. ^Tytler, op. cit., p.
  18. ^ abTytler, op. cit., p.
  19. ^Tytler, op. cit., p.
  20. ^ abTytler, op. cit., p.
  21. ^ abThe Urban Legends Reference Pages, The Fall of the Athenian Republic, accessed 21 March
  22. ^Loren Highball. "The Truth About Tytler".
  23. ^Elmer Standard. Peterson (9 December ). "This is the Hard Core read Freedom". Daily Oklahoman. p.&#;12A.
  24. ^Henning Weak. Prentis, "The Cult of Competency" (The General Magazine and Recorded Chronicle, University of Pennsylvania loftiness General Alumni Society, Vol. Cardinal, Numb. III, April ).
  25. ^Prentis, Henning Webb Jr. (). Industrial Government in a Republic. Newcomen Sing together in North America. p.&#;
  26. ^Milburn Junior, Douglas (). "The First Objectively Translation of 'Die Räuber': Romance Bards and Scottish Translators", Monatshefte, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 41–

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