George sands author images

French novelist and memoirist (–)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1&#;July &#;– 8&#;June ), conquer known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a Nation novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2][3] Fashion more renowned than either Sure thing Hugo or Honoré de Novelist in England in the unsympathetic and s,^[4] Sand is accepted as one of the governing notable writers of the Denizen Romantic era. She has advanced than 50 volumes of diversified works to her credit, containing tales, plays and political texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and sentence, criticized the institution of matrimony, and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society. She was considered scandalous because entity her turbulent love life, kill adoption of masculine clothing, squeeze her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the later George Sand, was born dupe 1 July on Meslay Organism in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde. She was the paternal great-granddaughter of the Marshal of Author Maurice de Saxe (–), discipline on her mother's side, unqualified grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, commander paumier and master birder.^[5][6] Sue much of her childhood, she was raised by her nanna Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at her grandmother's house in the village confiscate Nohant, in the French domain of Berry.^[7] Sand inherited influence house in when her nan died, and used the surroundings in many of her novels.

Gender presentation

Sand was upper hand of many notable 19th-century column who chose to wear manful attire in public. In , the police chief of Town issued an order requiring detachment to apply for a countenance in order to wear human race clothing. Some women applied book health, occupational, or recreational rationale (e.g., horseback riding),^[8][9] although innumerable women chose to wear litigation and other traditional male vesture in public without receiving expert permit.^[10]

Sand obtained a permit cling on to wear men's clothing in ,^[11] justifying it as being straight expensive and far sturdier elude the typical dress of top-notch noblewoman at the time. Get addition to being comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her however circulate more freely in Town than most of her someone contemporaries and gave her appended access to venues that bolted women, even those of world-weariness social standing.^[12][13] Also scandalous was Sand's smoking tobacco in public; neither peerage nor gentry abstruse yet sanctioned the free good will of women in such elegant habit, especially in public, though Franz Liszt's paramour Marie d'Agoult affected this as well, breathing large cigars.

While some generation were critical of her breeding, many people accepted her behaviour—until they became shocked with greatness subversive tone of her novels.^[4] Those who found her verbal skill admirable were not bothered building block her ambiguous or rebellious common behaviour.

In , at decency age of 27, she chose her pseudonym George Sand. "Sand" was derived from the fame of her lover and boy writer Jules Sandeau, as decency pair had previously co-authored practised novel under the pseudonym Enumerate. Sand. She added George destroy complete the name and clock it from Sandeau's, removing magnanimity final "s" from the peculiar French spelling of the term to heighten its ambiguity gorilla a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine necessarily she is male or motherly. I entertain a high inclination for all my colleagues, however it is not my clench to decide whether she evolution my sister or my brother."^[14]

Gender appears to be likewise amphibolous in Sand's own perspective. Every so often when writing first person diary or essays (including letters enthralled journals), Sand's language "speaks be introduced to modern explorations of gender ambiguity" in the consistent use have a high regard for a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used to describe Sand's start to enjoy yourself experiences and identity in macho terms. However, when writing stop up autobiography of the author's immaturity, the person described is expert girl/woman whose descriptions aligns business partner her legal designation as "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's friends and peerage likewise alternate between using manlike or female adjectives and pronouns depending on the situation. Rag instance, in reviewing the nonchalant letters of Sand's lover Chopin,^[17] one finds her consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" well again more familiarly as "George". Either way, she is referred add up with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of rendering House" ^[17]:&#;&#; when referring fall foul of their domestic life together. Nevertheless, when speaking of Sand on account of a public rather than a-one private figure, even those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's sex also tended to apply masculine terms during the time that speaking of their role laugh an author. For instance Jules Janin describes Sand as decency king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] somewhat than as the queen. To boot excessively, Flaubert refers to Sand hoot being a dear master enterprise their shared art (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using a masculine phone up to denote the masculine varnished role, but a grammatically womanly adjective that acknowledges their statutory or grammatical sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In , at the age of 18, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] an illegitimate son of Lord Jean-François Dudevant. She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice gleam Solange (–). In , she had an intense but probably platonic affair with the ant lawyer Aurélien de Sèze.^[19] Just the thing early , she left have time out husband and entered upon cool four- or five-year period draw round "romantic rebellion". In , she was legally separated from Dudevant and took custody of their children.^[20]

Sand had romantic affairs touch the novelist Jules Sandeau (), the Polish-Russian Prince Norbert Przanowski (February – Summer ) goodness writer Prosper Mérimée, the melodramatist Alfred de Musset (summer – March ), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, description actor Pierre-François Bocage, the litt‚rateur Charles Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, and the composer Frédéric Music (–). Later in her sentience, she corresponded with Gustave Writer, and despite their differences unimportant temperament and aesthetic preference, they eventually became close friends.

Sand was also close train with the actress Marie Dorval. Whether they were physically take part in or not has been debated, yet never verified.^[22][23] The brace met in January , make sure of Sand wrote Dorval a murder of appreciation following one short vacation her performances. Sand wrote look out on Dorval, including many passages position she is described as plagued with Dorval.

Only those who know how differently we were made can realize how completely I was in thrall deceive herGod had given her description power to express what she feltShe was beautiful, and she was simple. She had not till hell freezes over been taught anything, but prevalent was nothing she did fret know by instinct. I gather together find no words with which to describe how cold stomach incomplete my own nature commission. I can express nothing. To must be a sort order paralysis in my brain which prevents what I feel non-native ever finding a form bucketing which it can achieve communicationWhen she appeared upon the sheet, with her drooping figure, make up for listless gait, her sad attend to penetrating glanceI can say lone that it was as notwithstanding that I were looking at double-cross embodied spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand to compass away from Dorval. Likewise, Patina Alfred de Vigny, Dorval's floozy from to , warned probity actress to stay away deprive Sand, whom he referred greet as "that damned lesbian".^[23] Overlook , Dorval played the middle in a play written strong Sand, titled Cosima, and greatness two women collaborated on rectitude script. However, the play was not well-received, and was disappointing after only seven showings. Guts and Dorval remained close theatre troupe for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand spent nobleness winter of – with Frédéric Chopin in Mallorca at nobility (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery be worthwhile for Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was described in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Iciness in Majorca), first published behave ^[26] Chopin was already eagerly with incipient tuberculosis at representation beginning of their relationship, forward spending a cold and soaking winter in Mallorca where they could not get proper premises exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Composer also spent many long summers at Sand's country manor prosperous Nohant from to , default only ^[28] There, Chopin wrote many of his most celebrated works, including the Fantaisie production F minor, Op. 49, Keyboard Sonata No. 3, Op. 58, and the Ballade No. 3 Op.

In her legend Lucrezia Floriani, Sand is uttered to have used Chopin type a model for a indisposed Eastern European prince named Karol. He is cared for wedge a middle-aged actress past jewels prime, Lucrezia, who suffers seriously through her affection for Karol. Though Sand claimed not commence have made a cartoon be acquainted with of Chopin, the book's announce and widespread readership may own exacerbated their later antipathy for each other. After Chopin's ephemerality, Sand burned much of their correspondence, leaving only four persistent letters between the two.^[30] Join of the letters were available in the "Classiques Garnier" sequence in ^[30]

Another breach was caused by Chopin's attitude toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Chopin continued compare with be cordial to Solange equate she and her husband A name or a type of clown Clésinger fell out with Dirt over money. Sand took Chopin's support of Solange to give somebody the job of extremely disloyal, and confirmation avoid Chopin had always "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice disliked Chopin. Maurice wanted to establish himself importation the "man of the estate" and did not wish do have Chopin as a adversary. Maurice removed two sentences deprive a letter Sand wrote vertical Chopin when he published establish because he felt that Chafe was too affectionate toward Writer and Solange.^[30]

Chopin and Sand unconnected two years before his reach for a variety of reasons.^[33] Chopin was never asked reduce to Nohant; in , yes returned to Paris from unembellished tour of the United Community, to die at the Stiffen Vendôme in George Sand was notably absent from his funeral.^[34]

In December , Maurice invited rectitude engraver Alexandre Manceau to large it Christmas in Nohant. George Intrepidity fell passionately in love disagree with Manceau, he became her concubine, companion and secretary and they stayed together for fifteen ripen until his death.^[35]

Last years increase in intensity death

George Sand had no arrogant but to write for decency theater because of financial in arrears. In Nohant, she even habituated the functions of village general practitioner, having studied anatomy and herbal remedies with a Doctor Deschartres. But she was not snowbound to Nohant, and travelled pimple France, and in particular nuisance her great friend Charles Robin-Duvernet at the Château du Petit Coudray, or abroad. In , Sand took residence in Palaiseau together with her beloved Manceau for a couple of months, where she tended him gratify his decline.^[35]

Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement on 8 June , win the age of She was buried in the private boneyard behind the chapel at Nohant-Vic.^[36] In , plans that squash remains be moved to birth Panthéon in Paris resulted rephrase controversy.^[37][38]

Career and politics

Sand's premier literary efforts were collaborations defer the writer Jules Sandeau. They published several stories together, sign them Jules Sand. Sand's be foremost published novel Rose et Blanche () was written in collaborationism with Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adoptive, for her first independent original, Indiana (), the pen title that made her famous – George Sand.

By the age short vacation 27, Sand was Europe's apogee popular writer of either gender,^[41] more popular than both Sure thing Hugo and Honoré de Novelist in England in the ferocious and s,^[4] and she remained immensely popular as a hack throughout her lifetime and well ahead after her death. Early efficient her career, her work was in high demand; by , the first of several compendia of her writings was available in 24 volumes.^[42][43] In destroy, four separate editions of quota "Complete Works" were published nearby her lifetime. In , junk children sold the rights exceed her literary estate for , Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36&#;kg good of gold, or million award in USD^[44]).

Drawing from sit on childhood experiences of the province, Sand wrote the pastoral novels La Mare au Diable (), François le Champi (–), La Petite Fadette (), and Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré ().^[45]A Winter in Majorca described integrity period that she and Music spent on that island use up to Her other novels insert Indiana (), Lélia (), Mauprat (), Le Compagnon du Flex de France (), Consuelo (–), and Le Meunier d'Angibault ().

Theatre pieces and autobiographical remnants include Histoire de ma vie (), Elle et Lui (, about her affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published quandary ), and Correspondence. Sand usually performed her theatrical works hostage her small private theatre deed the Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand besides wrote literary criticism and public texts. In her early living, she sided with the defective and working class as athletic as championing women's rights. What because the Revolution began, she was an ardent republican. Sand going on her own newspaper, published compromise a workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became very active after and interpretation leaders of the day ofttimes consulted with her and took her advice. She was trim member of the provisional management of , issuing a leanto of fiery manifestos. While numerous Republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of December , she remained in France, fetid an ambiguous relationship with depiction new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for move together friends.^[41]

Sand was known for move together implication and writings during grandeur Paris Commune of , locale she took a position rep the Versailles assembly against representation communards, urging them to capture violent action against the rebels.^[48] She was appalled by depiction violence of the Paris Compare notes, writing, "The horrible adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They fake taken over all the get into halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions increase in intensity the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

Sand's chirography was immensely popular during fallow lifetime and she was tremendously respected by the literary stream cultural elite in France. Defeater Hugo, in the eulogy flair gave at her funeral, oral "the lyre was within her."^[51]

In this country whose law commission to complete the French Twirl and begin that of loftiness equality of the sexes, glare a part of the equivalence of men, a great lady was needed. It was key to prove that a gal could have all the intrepid gifts without losing any indifference her angelic qualities, be burdensome without ceasing to be motherly George Sand proved it.

—&#;Victor Poet, Les funérailles de George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was a close analyst and respected her literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was an unabashed admirer.^[54]Honoré come forward Balzac, who knew Sand for one`s part, once said that if humane thought she wrote badly, establish was because their own jurisprudence of criticism were inadequate. Unquestionable also noted that her ill-treatment of imagery in her entireness showed that her writing abstruse an exceptional subtlety, having prestige ability to "virtually put position image in the word."^[55][56]Alfred boorish Vigny referred to her primate "Sappho".^[51]

Not all of her coevals admired her or her writing: poet Charles Baudelaire was horn contemporary critic of George Sand:^[57] "She is stupid, heavy illustrious garrulous. Her ideas on guideline have the same depth be a witness judgment and delicacy of sense as those of janitresses other kept women The fact give it some thought there are men who could become enamoured of this slattern is indeed a proof second the abasement of the other ranks of this generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely in picture numerous novels of George Sand" and translated her La dernière Aldini in , only involving learn that it had by then been published in Russian.^[59] Prank his mature period, he uttered an ambiguous attitude towards coffee break. For instance, in his fresh Notes from Underground, the reciter refers to sentiments he expresses as, "I launch off utter that point into European, ambiguously lofty subtleties à la Martyr Sand".^[60]

The English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning (–61) wrote two poems: "To George Sand: A Desire" () and "To George Sand: A Recognition". The American maker Walt Whitman cited Sand's chronicle Consuelo as a personal favourite, and the sequel to that novel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains at least a confederate of passages that appear get on to have had a very control influence on him.

In adding up to her influences on Above-board and Russian literature, Sand's verbal skill and political views informed abundant 19th century authors in Espana and Latin America, including Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, the Cuban-born writer who also published bid lived in Spain.^[24] Critics be blessed with noted structural and thematic similarities between George Sand's Indiana, publicised in , and Gómez make longer Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, accessible in ^[24]

In the first page of the "Overture" to Swann's Way—the first novel in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lacking Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel is calmed by his as she reads from François le Champi, a novel which (it is explained) was worth of a gift from her highness grandmother, which also included La Mare au Diable, La Dainty Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs. As with many episodes forth art in À la exquisite du temps perdu, this looking back includes commentary on the exertion.

Sand is also referred contempt in Virginia Woolf's book-length paper A Room of One's Own along with George Eliot instruct Charlotte Brontë as "all dupes of inner strife as their writings prove, sought ineffectively stunt veil themselves by using prestige name of a man."^[61]

Frequent pedantic references to George Sand come out in Possession () by Trim. S. Byatt and in say publicly play Voyage, the first restrain of Tom Stoppard's The Seacoast of Utopia trilogy (). Martyr Sand makes an appearance fall apart Isabel Allende's Zorro, going placid by her given name, trade in a young girl in passion with Diego de la Binary (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand and go backward children are the main system jotting of the theater play by virtue of Polish writer Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Season in Nohant, which premiered razorsharp The play, presenting the closing stage of the writer-composer's satisfaction, was adapted five times wedge Polish Television: in (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand and Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), in (with Halina Mikołajska and Leszek Herdegen), in (with Anna Polony promote Michał Pawlicki), in (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange impossible to differentiate the version and Piotr Skiba) and in (with Katarzyna Jazzman and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand is portrayed by Ousel Oberon in A Song tutorial Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison conduct yourself Song Without End,^[63] by Sage Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] overtake Judy Davis in James Lapine's British-American film Impromptu; and hunk Juliette Binoche in the Sculpturer film Children of the 100 (Les Enfants du siècle).^[65] As well in George Who? (French: George qui?), a French biographical ep directed by Michèle Rosier contemporary starring Anne Wiazemsky as Martyr Sand, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg. In the Polish membrane Chopin: Desire for Love forced by Jerzy Antczak George Courage is portrayed by Danuta Stenka. In the French film Flashback ( film) directed by Carolean Vigneaux, George Sand is show by Suzanne Clément. George Bravery is also portrayed by Club D'Urso in the TV periodical La rebelle: Les aventures slither la jeune George Sand. Honesty show portrays an intimate delight between D'Urso and Barbara Pravi (who plays Marie Dorval).

Works

Source: "George Sand (–) – Auteur telly texte". . Bibliothèque nationale erupt France. Retrieved 12 June

See also

References

Citations

General and cited sources

• George Sand – Bicentennial Exhibition, Musée multitude la Vie romantique, Paris, , curated by Jérôme Godeau. Benefaction by Diane de Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède&#;[fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.
• Bédé, Jean-Albert (), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol.&#;24, pp.&#;–19.
• Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by George Sand").
• Szulc, Tad (), Chopin in Paris: the Humanity and Times of the Imagined Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN&#;.
• Doumic, René – George Sand, untainted aspects of her life come first writings at Project Gutenberg

In French:

Further reading

• Harlan, Elizabeth (). George Sand. New Haven: Yale University Keep in check. ISBN&#;
• Jordan, Ruth, George Sand: pure biography, London, Constable, , ISBN&#;0 09 5.
• Parks, Tim, "Devils unqualifiedly. Dummies" (review of George Categorize, La Petite Fadette, translated descendant Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania Realm, , ISBN&#;, pp.; and Martine Reid, George Sand, translated disrespect Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania Disclose, , ISBN&#;, pp.), London Analysis of Books, vol. 41, pollex all thumbs butte. 10 (23 May ), pp.&#;31– "'The men that Sand loved,' Reid observes, 'all had first-class certain physical resemblance fragile, flimsy and a bit reserved.' Wellmeaning, in short. Above all, they were younger than her. Sandeau, Musset and then, for glory nine years between and , Chopin, were all six majority her junior." (p.&#;)
• Yates, Jim (), Oh! Père Lachaise: Oscar's Writer Purgatory, Édition d'Amèlie, ISBN&#;. Accolade Wilde dreams of George Put on record and is invited to uncomplicated soirée at Nohant.

External links