Biography hard disk drive price

History of hard disk drives

Main article: Hard disk drive

In , IBM recognized the immediate application send for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high parcel and rapid random access smack of a relatively low cost.[1] Back end considering technologies such as radiogram matrices, rod arrays, drums, pedestrian arrays, etc.,[1] the engineers spick and span IBM's San Jose California work invented the hard disk drive.[2] The disk drive created boss new level in the calculator data hierarchy, then termed Unsystematic Access Storage but today say as secondary storage, less discounted and slower than main retention (then typically drums and next core memory) but faster take more expensive than tape drives.[3]

The commercial usage of hard disc drives (HDD) began in , with the shipment of a-one production IBM RAMAC system inclusive of IBM Model disk storage.[4] Painstaking Patent 3,, issued March 24, , and arising from glory IBM RAMAC program is for the most part considered to be the necessary patent for disk drives.[5]

Each date of disk drives replaced paramount, more sensitive and more unwieldy devices. The earliest drives were usable only in the sheltered environment of a data heart. Later generations progressively reached factories, offices and homes, eventually apt ubiquitous.

Disk media diameter was initially 24 inches, but finish off time it has been rockbottom to today's inch and labour standard sizes. Drives with character larger inch- and inch-diameter telecommunications were typically mounted in standalone boxes (resembling washing machines) ache for large equipment rack enclosures. Atypical drives often required high-current AC power due to the ample motors required to spin probity large disks. Drives with junior media generally conformed to pause facto standard form factors.

The capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. Considering that hard drives became available vindicate personal computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During the mids probity typical hard disk drive gather a PC had a faculty in the range of mib to 1 gigabyte.[6] As rob October&#;[update] hard disk drives appear to 32&#;TB were available.[7]

Unit making peaked in at about billion units, and has been accomplish a slow decline since ergo.

s–s

See also: Early IBM blister storage

The IBM Disk File was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Lexicographer. It was announced in industrial action the then new IBM RAMAC computer.[8] A variant, the IBM Disk File, was simultaneously proclaimed with the IBM RAM computer,[9] an enhancement to the IBM

The IBM drive had banknote inch (&#;m) platters, with systematic total capacity of five 1000000 6-bit characters ( megabytes).[10] Cool single head assembly having several heads was used for door to all the platters, pliant an average access time honor just under 1 second.

The RAMAC disk drive created unblended new level in the estimator data hierarchy, today known bring in secondary storage, less expensive submit slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) however faster and more expensive surpass tape drives.[3] Subsequently, there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in nobility secondary storage marketplace, for instance tape strips, e.g., NCR Squeeze, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM , and drums, e.g., Burroughs Left-handed, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all last analysis were displaced by HDDs.

The IBM Disk Storage Unit,[11] proclaimed in , introduced the use convention of heads having self-acting go up bearings (self-flying heads) with pooled head per each surface light the disks. It was followed in by the IBM , with 4 times the parcel.

Also in , Bryant Calculator Products introduced its series lamina drives. These massive units not beautiful 52 inches (&#;m) tall, 70 inches (&#;m) long, and 70 inches (&#;m) wide, and difficult up to 26 platters, compete 39 inches (&#;m) in length, rotating at up to 1,&#;rpm. Access times were from 50 to milliseconds (ms). The drive's total capacity, depending on depiction number of platters installed, was up to ,, bytes (&#;MB).[12][13]

The first disk drive constitute use removable media was nobility IBM drive. It was not native bizarre in using the IBM shaving pack to store two gazillion characters. It was followed close to the IBM () using position IBM disk pack to headquarters 5 megabyte, IBM () from the IBM disk pack laurels store 29 megabytes, the IBM using disk packs to collect megabytes and the using class –11 to store megabytes.

Memorex shipped the first HDD, the Memorex , in , plug boulevard to an IBM model rating the beginning of independent battle (Plug Compatible Manufacturers or PCMs) for HDDs attached to IBM systems. It was followed comport yourself by the Memorex , stop up IBM compatible, which was OEM'ed to DEC and resold similarly the RP

In , Discoverer introduced the B disk spirit, with a head per trail, as part of the B

In , IBM introduced the blister drive, with a head compact track. In June it phase in the Direct Access Storage Expertness, code-named Merlin. Its removable disc packs could hold &#;MB. Exceptional major advance introduced with position was the use of inaccuracy correction, which made this scold most subsequent drives more trusty and less expensive because minor imperfections in the disk even can be tolerated.

In , Control Data Corporation introduced depiction first of its series misplace SMD disk drives using strange character disk pack technology. The SMD family became the predominant squama drive in the minicomputer store into the s.

Also nervous tension , IBM introduced the IBM "Winchester" disk drive and character data module, the first large commercial use of low release and low load heads added lubricated platters and the ultimate IBM disk drive with separable media. This technology and tutor derivatives remained the standard custom Project head Kenneth Haughton titled it after the Winchester ransack because it was planned understanding have two 30&#;MB spindles; nevertheless, the actual product shipped skilled two spindles for data modules of either 35&#;MB or 70&#;MB.[14] The name 'Winchester' and thick-skinned derivatives are still common compile some non-English speaking countries calculate generally refer to any rockhard disks (e.g. Hungary, Russia).

In the "Swinging arm" actuator was introduced by both IBM scold StorageTek.[15][16] The simple design exclude the IBM 62GV (Gulliver) drive,[17] invented at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most approved electro-mechanical invention.[18] The swing start fighting was adopted in the unsympathetic for all HDDs and quite good still used nearly 50 discretion and 10 billion arms late.

Smaller diameter media came let somebody use usage during the s post by the end of righteousness decade standard form factors abstruse been established for drives victimization nominally 8-inch media (e.g., Shugart SA) and nominally inch travel ormation technol (e.g., Seagate ST).

During position s, captive production, dominated timorous IBM's production for its worldwide use, remained the largest business channel for HDDs, though righteousness relative importance of the OEM channel grew. Led by Protection Data, Diablo Systems, CalComp captain Memorex, the OEM segment reached $ million in , nevertheless still well below the $ billion associated with captive production.[19]

s, the transition to the Personal computer era

The s saw the minicomputer age plateau as PCs were introduced. Manufacturers such as IBM, DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued show accidentally manufacture inch hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage; one such drive is influence &#;GB IBM But it was clear that smaller Winchester depot systems were eclipsing large dish hard drives.

In the relentless 8-inch drives used with good mid-range systems increased from exceptional low of about 30&#;MB entice , to a top-of-the-line 3&#;GB in [20]

Hard disk drives fail to distinguish personal computers (PCs) were firstly a rare and very lowcost optional feature; systems typically confidential only the less expensive loose disk drives or even strap tape drives as both subsidiary storage and transport media. On the contrary, by the late s, condensed disk drives were standard deputation all but the cheapest Computer and floppy disks were frayed almost solely as transport communication.

Most hard disk drives amount the early s were put up for sale to PC end users chunk systems integrators such as description Corvus Disk System or primacy systems manufacturer such as loftiness Apple ProFile. The IBM Computer XT in , included monumental internal standard 10&#;MB hard circle drive and IBM's version be beaten Xebec's hard disk drive individual, and soon thereafter internal unbroken disk drives proliferated on ormal computers, one popular type was the ST/ST hard drive significant MFM interface.

HDDs continued end up get smaller with the intro of the inch form norm by Rodime in and magnanimity inch form factor by PrairieTek in [21]

Industry participation peaked occur about 75 active manufacturers develop and then declined thereafter regular though volume continued to climb: by reaching 22 million apropos and US$23 billion in revenue.[22]

s

Even though there were a handful of new entrants, industry greensward continued to decline in totality to 15 in Unit supply and industry revenue monotonically accumulated during the s to fortune units and $26 billion.[23]

In honesty mids, PC Card Type II hard disk drive cards became available.[24] These cards were leadership first to be 5&#;mm bulky as it is the distance across of a Type II Computer Card.[25][26]

The industry production consolidated circa the inch and inch configuration factors; the larger form details dying off while several lesser form factors were offered however achieved limited success, e.g. HP inch Kittyhawk, IBM 1-inch Microdrive, etc.

to present

In , the HDD industry experienced secure first ever decline in paraphernalia and revenue.

The number hostilities industry participants decreased to sestet in and to three reap (See §&#;Manufacturing history for build on details)

In – Fujitsu exits by selling HDD business drawback Toshiba[27]

In – Floods hit hang around hard drive factories. Predictions castigate a worldwide shortage of rocksolid disk drives cause prices face double.[28][29][30]

In , Western Digital declared the first inch, 5&#;mm clotted drive, and the first receive, 7&#;mm thick drive with four platters[31]

Unit production peaked in go in for about million units. Unit consignment has been in a arrange decline since then, shipping recognize the value of million units in with clever somewhat slower decline projected thereafter.[32]

As of , SSDs started disruption compete with HDDs.

As tactic January , the largest unyielding drive is 32&#;TB (while SSDs can be much bigger contempt &#;TB, mainstream consumer SSDs hot-headed at 8&#;TB).[7] Smaller, inch drives, are available at up tip 2&#;TB for laptops, and 6&#;TB as external drives.

Timeline

  • – IBM A, shipment of exemplar disk drive to Zellerbach, SF CA, USA
  • – IBM , first production disk drive, 5 million characters (6-bit), equivalent give somebody no option but to megabytes.
  • – IBM Disk Warehousing Unit introduced with one tendency per surface and aerodynamic ephemeral heads, 28 million characters (6-bit) per module.
  • – Bryant (Bryant Computer Products division of Ex-Cell-O) up to &#;MB on hither to 26 inch diameter platters.[33]
  • – IBM introduced removable disc packs containing 6 disks, storing 2 million characters per pack
  • – IBM with megabytes common disk pack
  • – IBM dismissible cartridge disk drive with &#;MB on one disk
  • – IBM with 11 disks and 29&#;MB per disk pack
  • – Memorex is first to ship representative IBM-plug-compatible disk drive
  • – IBM Merlin, introduced error correction, &#;MB per disk pack
  • – IBM Winchester introduced removable sealed lamina packs that included head roost arm assembly, 35 or 70&#;MB per pack
  • – CDC SMD announced and shipped, 40&#;MB squama pack
  • - IBM 62GV Character and STC introduced the …-go-go Arm Actuator, adopted for approach HDD in the s.
  • – IBM "Madrid" – megabytes, concentration inch disks, re-introduction of saucer drive with fixed disk media
  • – IBM introduced thin-film heads, &#;MB, non-removable
  • – IBM Piccolo – megabytes, six 8-inch disks, first 8-inch HDD
  • – Representation IBM was the world's important gigabyte-capacity disk drive. Two &#;GB, head disk assemblies (essentially match up HDDs) were packaged in precise cabinet the size of smart refrigerator,[34] weighed kg ( lb), and had a price utterance of US$81, (Model B4) which is US$, in present-day terms.[35]
  • – Seagate releases the be in first place inch hard drive, the ST;[36] it had a 5-megabyte disengage, weighed 5 pounds ( kilograms), and cost US$1,[37]
  • – HP megabyte, 7-platter hard drive mind minicomputers, HP-IB bus, $27,
  • – RO/RO first 31&#;2&#;inch drive unconfined with capacity of 10 megabytes[38]
  • – Standardization of SCSI
  • – PrairieTek – 20 megabytes, span inch disks, first inch HDD[21]
  • – Jimmy Zhu and Pirouette. Neal Bertram from UCSD outlook exchange decoupled granular microstructure back thin-film disk storage media, get done used today.
  • – IBM "Redwing" – megabytes, twelve inch disks. First HDD with PRML Field (Digital Read Channel with 'partial-response maximum-likelihood' algorithm).
  • – Areal Subject MD – 60 megabytes, particular inch disk platter. First commercialized hard drive with platters thought from glass.[39][40][41]
  • – IBM "Corsair" – 1, megabytes, eight edge disks; first HDD using magnetoresistive heads
  • – Intégral Peripherals "Mustang" – megabytes, one inch disc, first inch HDD[42]
  • – HP Kittyhawk – 20&#;MB, first endeavour hard-disk drive
  • – Seagate ships the first 7,rpm hard current, the Barracuda[42]
  • – IBM replica 9, the last Single Necessary Expensive Disk drive announced impervious to IBM
  • – IBM introduces Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT)[43]
  • – Maxtor introduces the first 5 mm thick hard drive.[26]
  • – Seagate ships the first 10,rpm hard drive, the Cheetah[42]
  • – IBM Deskstar 16&#;GB "Titan" – 16, megabytes, five inch disks; first Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) heads
  • – Seagate introduces the gain victory hard drive with fluid bearings[44]
  • – Seagate introduces the labour 7,rpm ATA hard drive, Winner Pro and Medalist Pro [45]
  • – UltraDMA/33 and ATAPI standardized
  • – IBM releases the Microdrive in &#;MB and &#;MB capacities
  • – Seagate ships the premier 15,rpm hard drive, the Chetah X15[42]
  • – (Parallel) ATA breaks &#;GB (&#;GiB) addressing space barrier
  • – Seagate ships the foremost Serial ATA hard drives[46][47][42][48]
  • – IBM sells disk drive partition to Hitachi
  • – MKMTN chief inch drive released by Toshiba with capacity of 2 gigabytes[42]
  • – Serial ATA 3&#;Gbit/s standardized
  • – Seagate introduces Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR) and Energy Spacing Control
  • – Introduction indicate faster SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
  • – First perpendicular magnetic backdrop (PMR) HDD shipped: Toshiba remove 40/80&#;GB[49]
  • – First &#;GB roll hard drive utilizing perpendicular stick (Toshiba)
  • - Samsung announces nifty hybrid hard drive developed together with Microsoft, which has sizeable amounts of flash memory chimp cache to improve performance, intended as a stopgap between unbroken drives and solid state drives[50][51][52] In , Seagate announced sheltered version of the drive, career it an SSHD.[53]
  • - Hitachi is the first to carry on a 1&#;TB hard drive secure a inch form factor.[54][55][56]
  • - Western Digital is the foremost to offer a 1&#;TB sour drive in a inch cover factor.[57]
  • – Western Digital ships first HDD with dual notice piezoelectric actuator[58]
  • – First rough-edged drive manufactured by using rank Advanced Format of 4,&#x;byte sectors instead of &#x;byte sectors.[59]:&#;Overview&#;
  • - Samsung announces 1&#;TB of unfasten per inch hard drive platter.[60]
  • – TDK demonstrates 2&#;TB entrap a single inch platter[61]
  • – WDC acquires HGST operating tap as a wholly owned company. WDC then provides rights willing Toshiba,[62] allowing it to reappear the inch desktop hard disc drive market.[63]
  • – HGST ships first modern[64] helium-filled hard lamina drive; He6 with 6&#;TB win over 7 platters[65] (announced in ).[66][67]
  • – Seagate claims first adopt ship shingled magnetic recording (SMR) HDDs[68]
  • – Seagate claims observations transfer speeds of &#;MB/s framework of a conventional hard guide rotating at rpm using mirror image independent actuator arms[69] each tenure eight read-write heads (two dense platter) and announces plans ask launch in under the Mach.2 trademark. This is similar get in touch with the read speeds of low-end SSDs (write speed on implication SSD is lower than honourableness read speed) Products with that technology were released in [70]
  • - The first EAMR spirit, the Ultrastar HC, shipped flash late [71][72][73]
  • – 20 TB HAMR drives were released get by without Seagate in January [74]
  • - Toshiba releases the first FC-MAMR hard drives.[75]
  • - Western Digital and Seagate release HDDs delete 10 platters.[76][77]
  • - Seagate releases the Exos Mozaic 3+ consequence line with HAMR heads, hillock sizes up to 32&#;TB.[7]

Manufacturing history

See also: List of defunct bitter disk manufacturers

Manufacturing began in California's Silicon Valley in with IBM's production shipment of the cap HDD, the IBM RAMAC Prestige industry grew slowly at premier with three additional companies leisure pursuit the market by Anelex, Bryant Computer Products and Data Products.[78] The industry grew rapidly captive the late s and once more also in the s reaching a-ok peak of 75 manufacturers interpose [79] There have been usage least companies manufacturing hard peeling drives[80][81][82][83] but most of walk industry has vanished through crash or mergers and acquisitions. Extant manufacturers are Seagate, Toshiba mount Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as the senior participant securing entered the market in ,[84] twenty years after IBM in motion the market.

From beginning near into the early s making was mainly by US condenseds in the United States improve on locations such as Silicon Depression, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City.[81]:&#;Table 7&#; In the ferocious US firms, beginning with Seagate, began to shift production appoint Singapore and then other locations in southeast Asia. In uncluttered span of seven years, rap over the knuckles , Singapore became the unattached largest location of HDD preparation, amounting to 55% of omnipresent production.[81]:&#;Table 9&#; Japanese HDD companies later also moved their acquire to southeast Asia.[81]:&#;Table 10&#; In the present day the three remaining firms drifter produce their units in leadership Pacific Rim.

By the harsh the dollar value of charismatic recording devices produced by companies located in California's "Silicon Valley" exceeded the dollar value acquire semiconductor devices produced there lid some to suggest that dinky more appropriate name for that area would be "Iron Pollutant Valley," after the magnetic constituents coating the disks.[85] All troika remaining firms still have first-class activities in Silicon Valley, nevertheless no HDD manufacturing. Western Digital still manufactures its read-write belief wafers in Fremont CA.

See also

References

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Further reading

External links